Christian History Home > 1993
A Sick Man’s Healthy Accomplishments
A look at five representative years of Luther’s life
Unstoppable
Even as a sick man, Martin Luther accomplished more than most healthy people.
Dr. Eric W. Gritsch is Maryland Synod Professor of Church History at Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and director of the Institute for Luther Studies.
Two Feathers from the Holy Spirit?
Luther couldn’t resist speaking out on indulgences one more time.
Dr. Eric W. Gritsch is Maryland Synod Professor of Church History at Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and director of the Institute for Luther Studies.
The Children's Crusade
They innocently headed for the Holy Land, not knowing they would never return.
SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN
Objections to Crusades Answered
An experienced crusade preacher defends holy war
HUMBERT OF ROMANS
The Crusades: Did You Know?
Little Known Facts about the Crusades.
Caroline T. Marshall
The Crusades: From the Editor - The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Mark Galli
Bloody Pilgrimage
As the crusaders assaulted Jerusalem, the holy and savage joined hands.
Mark Galli
How Could Christians Do This?
Why followers of the Prince of Peace waged war.
Bruce L. Shelley
Why You Should Crusade
Bernard of Clairvaux, who wrote the beautiful essay On Loving God, also urged Christians to fight for Christ. Here are some excerpts from a letter written in 1147.
The Crusades: A Gallery of Martial Monks & Holy Kings
The great preachers, planners, and fighters of the Holy Land crusades.
Stephen M. Miller
Major Crusades to the East: Christian History Timeline
The Muslim Defense
Christians thought they had liberated Jerusalem from infidels. But what did Muslims think?
Hadia Dajani-Shakeel
Puzzling Encounters
Usama ibn Munqidh was emir of Shizar in the twelfth century, when Christians occupied much of the Holy Land. Here are three accounts of his experience with the clash of cultures.
Women of the Cross
The devout, combative, and scandalous women who shared in the Crusades.
Ronald C. Finucane
Long Journey to Jerusalem
Whether by land or sea, a crusade to the East was difficult and dangerous.
The Fighting Monks
In the new religious orders, Christians blended poverty, chastity, and military fervor.
Michael Gervers
Holy Violence Then and Now
A historian looks at the causes and lingering effects of Christian warfare.
an interview with Jonathan Riley-Smith
The Crusades: Recommended Resources
The last few decades have seen a resurgence of crusades studies. Here are several of the many fine works available.
James M. Powell
Martin Luther's Later Years: Did You Know?
Little-known or remarkable facts about Martin Luther's later years
Mark Galli is associate editor of Christian History.
From the Editor: The Forgotten Years of Martin Luther
KEVIN A. MILLER
After the Revolution
by MARK U. EDWARDS, JR. Dr. Mark U. Edwards, Jr., is a professor of the history of Christianity at The divinity School, Harvard University. He is author of Luther’s Last Battles: Politics and Polemics, 1531–46 (Cornell, 1983).
Martin Luther's Later Years: A Gallery - Family Album
by PAUL THIGPEN
Changing the Tempo of Worship
For a thousand years of Christian worship, lay people had rarely sung. Then came Luther.
Paul J. Grime is pastor of St. Paul's Lutheran Church in West Allis, Wisconsin, and a doctoral candidate at Marquette University.
The Weak Man Behind a Mighty Fortress
In intense turmoil, Luther wrote his greatest hymn.
Mark Galli is associate editor of Christian History.
Reinventing Family Life
by STEVEN OZMENT Dr. Steven Ozment is professor of history at Harvard University and author of When Fathers ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Harvard, 1983) and Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (Doubleday, 1992).
A Monk Marries
Luther's wit and wisdom about his new estate
Powerful Preaching
A sample of how Luther could bring Bible characters to life
Martin Luther's Later Years: Christian History Timeline
Ken Schurb is assistant professor of religion and philosphy at Concordia College, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Christianity for Common Folk
Martin Luther's Later Years: Recommended Resources
Dr. George S. Robbert is professor of historical theology at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
The Unrefined Reformer
ERIC W. GRITSCH Dr. Eric W. Gritsch is Maryland Synod Professor of Church History at Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and director of the Institute for Luther Studies.
Was Luther Anti-Semitic?
ERIC W. GRITSCH Dr. Eric W. Gritsch is Maryland Synod Professor of Church History at Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and director of the Institute for Luther Studies.
Allies or Enemies?
ROBERT D. LINDER Dr. Robert D. Linder is professor of history at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas. He is co-editor of The History of Christianity (Lion, 1990).
How I Pray
MARTIN LUTHER
Luther's Will and Testaments
He bequeathed statements of belief that guide millions of Christians today.
Dr. Eugemne F.A. Klug is professor of systematic theology and Luther studies at Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and author of Getting into the Formula of Concord (Concordia, 1977).
Luther's Living Legacy
What has Luther left to us, 500 years later?
an interview with Martin E. Marty
George Whitefield: Did You Know?
Little-known or remarkable facts about George Whitefield
George Whitefield: From the Editor - The Original Christian History
Kevin A. Miller
Heavenly Comet
As George Whitefield blazed across England, Scotland, and America, his dramatic preaching caused excitement bordering on panic.
Dr. Harry S. Stout is Jonathan Edwards Professor of American Christianity at Yale University and author of The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Eerdmans, 1991).
I Run For My Horse With All My Might
A farmer races to the sensation.
Deep Mourning
Cornelius Winter was at Whitefield's orphan house when he learned of the evangelist's death. His report:
Come, Poor, Lost, Undone Sinner
A persuasive appeal from a powerful evangelist.
George Whitefield
George Whitefield: A Gallery of Leaders of the Awakening Army
Whitefield's co-workers in the great eighteenth-century revival.
Mark Galli is Associate Editor of Christian History.
Persecuted Preachers
Two evangelists face a mob
George Whitefield 1714-1770: Christian History Timeline
Richard Owen Roberts is president of International Awakening Ministries in Wheaton, Illinois, and author of Whitefield in Print: A Bibliographic Record (Richard Owen Roberts, 1988).
Pushing to the Point of Exhaustion
A look at one year of Whitefield's whirlwind ministry.
Arnold Dallimore is author of George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the 18th-Century Revival (Banner of Truth, 1970, 1980).
The Quotable Whitefield
A sampler of sayings
Compiled by Randy & Cathy Colver
The Religious Odd Couple
Benjamin Franklin and George Whitefield: Theologically, they were miles apart, yet they became affectionate friends.
Dr. Frank Lambert is assistant professor of history at Purdue University and author of The Commercialization of Religion: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770 (Princeton, 1993). An expanded version of this article appeared in the July 1993 William and Mary Quarterly.
House of Mercy, Prison of Debt
Soon after he began an orphanage, Whitefield found himself chained by expenses he couldn't pay.
Gary Sanseri
Whitefield's Curious Love Life
Mark Galli is Associate Editor of Christian History.
Wesley Vs. Whitefield
by J. D. WALSH Dr. J.D. Walsh is senior research fellow at Jesus College, Oxford, and author of several works on Wesley and his era.
War of Words
The Startling Puritan
The message of the greatest communicator of his age.
Dr. J.I. Packer is a professor of theology at Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia, and author of more than a dozen books, including A Quest for Godliness: The Puritan Vision of the Christian Life (Crossway, 1990).
Slaveholding Evangelist
Whitefield's troubling mix of views.
Mark Galli is Associate Editor of Christian History.
Father of Modern Evangelicals
We still feel Whitefield's influence today.
interview with Mark A. Noll
George Whitefield & His World: Recommended Resources
Dr. Allen C. Guelzo is associate professor of history at Eastern College in St. Davids, Pennsylvania. He is author of Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate (Wesleyan, 1989).
Worship in the Early Church: Did You Know?
Little-known or remarkable facts about worship in the early church
Dr. John O. Gooch is editor of youth resources for the United Methodist Publishing House in Nashville, Tennessee, and author of Holiness in Tertullian (University Microfilms, 1983).
Worship in the Early Church: From the Editor - The Heartbeat of the Church
by MARK GALLI, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
How We Christians Worship
From about the year 150, perhaps the most complete early description
Justin Martyr was a philosopher and defender of Christianity who was martyred in Rome in about 165. He was the author of First Apology, Second Apology, and Dialogue with Trypho the Jew.
Did They Sing Hymns?
by EVERETT FERGUSON Dr. Everett Ferguson is professor of Bible at Abilene Christian University and editor of Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (Gardland, 1990).
Worshiping Like Pagans?
How much did Christians borrow from Greek and Roman religions?
Dr. E. Glenn Hinson is professor of church history at The Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond (Virginia). He is author of The Evangelization of the Roman Empire: Identity and Adaptability (Mercer, 1981).
Inside Pagan Worship
Early Glimpses
Historical documents describing Christians at worship
David F. Wright is dean of the faculty of divinity at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the editorial advisory board of Christian History.
Worship in the Early Church: Christian History Timeline
by DAVID F. WRIGHT David F. Wright is dean of the faculty of divinity at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the editorial advisory board of Christian History.
Worship in the Early Church: A Gallery of Wordsmiths of Worship
by JAMES D. SMITH III Dr. James D. Smith III is pastor of Clairemont Emmanuel Baptist Church and adjunct professor of church history at Bethel Seminary-West, both in San Diego, California. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of Christian History.
Praying to the Dead
Mark Galli is Associate Editor of Christian History.
Where Did Christians Worship?
by CHRISTOPHER HAAS Dr. Christopher Haas is assistant professor of history at Villanova University in Villanova, Pennsylvania, and author of Late Roman Alexandria (Johns Hopkins, forthcoming).
Prayers of the Earliest Christians
Repeating the Unrepeatable
by AIDAN KAVANAGH Dr. Aidan Kavanagh is professor of liturgics at Yale Divinity School and author of On Liturgical Theology (Pueblo, 1984).
An Awe-Inspiring Ceremony
In third-century Rome, baptism was high drama
The editors
Following in the First Christians' Footsteps
by RALPH P. MARTIN Dr. Ralph P. Martin is professor of biblical studies at the University of Sheffield in England and author of Worship in the Early Church (Eerdmans, 1974).
Washing Souls by Washing Feet
Mark Galli is Associate Editor of Christian History.
Let Us Repent Immediately
Excerpts from an ancient Christian sermon
Chanting in Honor of Christ
How early Christians expressed their joy
Worship in the Early Church: Recommended Resources
Dr. Robert E. Webber is professor of theology at Wheaton (Illinois) College and editor of The Complete Library of Christian Worship (Abbott Martyn, 1993).
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