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A fter ten days of deliberation and five rounds of balloting, the Salvation Army's High Council in London elected Commissioner John Gowans as its sixteenth general on May 15.

Gowans, a 64-year-old native of Blantyre, Scotland, is known informally among evangelicals as the church's "poet laureate," having written hundreds of poems, many of which have been set to music. Some have become Salvation Army hymns. Gowans will succeed Gen. Paul A. Rader, the first American-born leader of the movement. Rader will retire next month on his sixth-fifth birthday to Lexington, Kentucky, where he will serve on the board of governors at Asbury College, his alma mater. The outgoing leader will have served almost five years as international head of the organization, and he, with his commissioner wife, Kay, has visited 72 of the 104 countries in which the movement operates.

Though primarily known for its social services, the Salvation Army is an evangelical denomination claiming a global membership of 1.2 million worldwide, including 786,000 in Africa and 117,000 in the United States.

Along with relief work in domestic disasters, such as the tornadoes that struck Oklahoma and Kansas last month, the organization is feeding refugees from the war in Kosovo, with plans calling for a six-month program of offering 27,000 meals per day, at a cost of $2.4 million.

Salvation Army ministers, called officers, and laypersons, known as soldiers, have been sent to refugee camps in Albania to support the effort.

ORIGINAL VISION RESTATED: Gowans's election comes at a moment when the Salvation Army is under the strain of the increasingly complex demands of providing humanitarian assistance around the world while facing the internal challenge of retaining a spiritual emphasis for Salvationists.

New York University scholar Diane Winston, who has just published Red-Hot and Righteous (Harvard University Press), a book on the movement's American metamorphosis from rabble-rousing religionists to respected social force, says the group aimed different messages at different audiences, reserving religion for the "lower classes" and aiming fundraising at the more affluent people who form the core of its financial supporters.

While disaster relief and social work are important, Gowans, in a postelection phone interview with CT, reports that he will put an emphasis on the spiritual side of the group's work.

"The Salvation Army was created to achieve three chief aims: to save souls, to cultivate saints, and to serve suffering humanity," Gowans says. "My intention is to remind Salvationists not to be diverted from those three main aims and not to allow any attractive side paths to divert them from those highways."

Gowans acknowledges that while the Army is respected worldwide for its social work and fundraising acumen—the group raises more than $1 billion a year in the United States, ranking at or near the top this decade for charities—it has lost some of its distinctive edge in evangelism, ironically at a time when many people could use the brand of Wesleyan holiness the Salvation Army preaches.

"To some extent, we have lost the focus on our first purposes," Gowans says. "One of my goals is to get the Army to refocus." While the movement's adult rehabilitation centers still have vital work in helping reform alcoholics and drug abusers, Gowans says the movement needs to look at other spiritual issues confronting seekers today.

"There are things like apathy, there are things like fatalism, that people need saving from," he says. "[The Army is] an evangelical church with a message of the gospel to proclaim. I need to do something about that." Gowans says he hopes to use video communications and the Internet to convey that message to Salvationists worldwide.

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June 14 1999, Vol. 43, No. 7