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One day in 1780, Robert Raikes's newspaper business took him to an impoverished suburb of Gloucester. He was shocked to see so many children "wretchedly ragged, at play in the street." He asked a local woman about this.

"On a Sunday you would be shocked indeed," she replied, "for then the street is filled with multitudes of the wretches who, released on that day from employment, spend their day in noise and riot. … cursing and swearing in a manner so horrid as to convey … an idea of hell."

In 1700s England, it was generally agreed that something must be done about children's poverty and ignorance. The Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge established 1,500 charity schools for such students, and George Whitefield and the Wesleys preached to them. Yet reformers faced several difficulties. Class separation kept the learned from the poor. Class condition was attributed to "breeding," which education could not change. Individual reformers worked alone, and the public had no appreciation of their success. Then there was the law: until 1779, it was illegal for non-Anglicans to start a school or teach.

Raikes (who died April 5, 1811) learned concern for the poor from his father, from whom he also inherited an influential newspaper. He was a bit of a dandy—walking about town in his wig and claret-colored coat, and carrying a gold snuff case. But he was also a committed member of the Church of England. His first efforts to live out his Christian convictions focused on prison reform, but he then decided children must be put on the right path before evil habits were formed.

Immediately after his shocking encounter in the Gloucester slum, he hired four women to teach the children that next Sunday. After securing permission of the parents, Raikes sent 20 children to each teacher. School began at 10 a.m., let out an hour for lunch, then continued until 5 p.m. The children also attended an afternoon church service. The Bible was the basis of instruction.

In 1783 Raikes wrote an article in his paper, without mentioning his own involvement, noting the success of these "Sunday schools." Readers were fascinated and asked for more information. Raikes provided enthusiastic replies, which were printed and reprinted in publications across England. Other schools soon formed, and Raikes publicized their successes. His publicity campaign reached its zenith when he was summoned to an audience with the royal family. King George III wished that "every child in my kingdom should be taught to read the Bible." (This is, of course, the same "royal brute" whose government, Thomas Paine griped, "so impiously invades the prerogative of heaven.")

Sunday schools grew dramatically. In 1787, four years after Raikes's first article, there were 250,000 Sunday school students. By 1811 there were 500,000, and by 1831 there were 1.25 million. In 1833 the government began subsidizing the schools. Sunday schools spread to the United States, Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent.

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March (Web-only) 2001, Vol. 45