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That's not to say that the agencies agree on everything. Although Wycliffe actively participates in ION, it remains committed to literacy training and Scripture translation for the world's minority language groups. Freddy Boswell, Wycliffe International's vice president for Scripture promotion, hesitates to throw his full support behind the orality movement. "There's an emotional rush to meet oral needs. It's something new and exciting to say, 'Hey, can we do something to reach 70 percent of the world's population?' " he says. "But let's not forget literacy and translation."

Wycliffe still promotes study of the printed Word as the key to evangelism and long-term discipleship.

Morgan Jackson, international director of Hosanna/Faith Comes By Hearing (FCBH), affirms that, ideally, "orality never moves people away from literacy—it moves them to literacy."

Working with Wycliffe and national Bible societies, Jackson's ministry records and distributes Scripture readings around the world. After hearing the Scriptures, many listeners immediately want to read the Bible themselves, Jackson says.

Last year, FCBH joined the Jesus Film Project to test an outreach program in 28 languages. Following more than 4,000 showings of the Jesus film, local volunteers trained by FCBH led weekly Scripture-listening and discussion groups. The results surpassed all expectations. In Nigeria, 10,000 people made decisions for Christ, and 7,900 joined listening groups. Six months later, 42 of the groups had become churches. "Before, when you showed the Jesus film in some places," Jackson says, "people came to Christ, but you could come back six months later and nothing would exist."

It can take time to train cross-cultural workers in oral techniques, which require a greater appreciation for the concrete. Trans World Radio's training courses contrast how oral and literate learners think.

"When we're taught to read and write, one of our first lessons in literacy is categorizing shapes into circles, triangles, and squares," media services officer Tom Tatlow says. "But an oral person would say, 'That's a wheel, a pie, or a box.'"

Thanks to ION and others, oral strategies are beginning to seep into local church missions. At a Finishing the Task conference held in November at the Billy Graham Training Center in Asheville, North Carolina, ION provided each church that selected an unreached people group with resources for oral strategies. Also, one of the five thrusts of the ambitious PEACE plan launched by Saddleback Church's Rick Warren targets literacy. Curtis Sergeant, Saddleback's director of church planting, stocks Saddleback's website with resources for training literacy tutors and employing oral strategies in a range of ministries.

LaNette Thompson, an orality consultant for IMB, has been receiving more requests than she can accept from mission agencies. She says that seminaries and church leaders in West Africa have been slow to accept oral strategies, because Western missionaries have instilled "the expectation that church leaders must be literate." However, Thompson believes gospel storying will catch on with African women, traditionally the storytellers in their families.

In early 2007, ION plans to hold a consultation in Delhi, India. "We really want to raise indigenous leaders on every continent who take this message and do what they need to do," Willis says.

While orality may make headlines in the West, its strategies aren't novel for majority-world Christians, says Scott Moreau, editor of Evangelical Missions Quarterly and chair of Wheaton Graduate School's intercultural studies department. Moreau points to the explosion of the church in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the last 50 years.

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March 2006, Vol. 50, No. 3