Christianity Today

On October 23, I was one of 32 people crowded into the temporary office of the World Evangelical Alliance at Cape Town 2010. Twenty-eight of the people were representing the evangelical community of Sudan at what has been hailed as the most diverse gathering of the church ever. The rest of us were there to hear our Sudanese brothers and sisters' hopes and apprehensions as they approached the January 9 referendum on separate statehood for southern Sudan.

The Sudanese representatives said, "Pray, pray, pray." Pray for a fair and free election, without violent incidents or intimidation. As they took turns speaking, almost everyone earnestly repeated that phrase. They meant it.

After 50 years of civil war, southern Sudan has enjoyed a limited peace. The chance to vote for independence was guaranteed in the 2005 peace agreement, but these church leaders were worried.

Whether the southern Sudanese vote for independence from the North or for continued national unity, they have no control over reactions from the government or its proxies. One church leader who lives near the border later told me of a deadly October 31 border skirmish. As northern forces massed near the border, nervous southerners had begun digging defensive fortifications. Northern soldiers crossed the border and shot two southerners who had wielded only shovels. The incident highlights the sense of threat the southern Sudanese feel before this election. Major violence could erupt.

Given south Sudan's history, independence seems attractive. Until the mid-19th century, the South was largely isolated by the great Sudd Swamp. But then a route was opened through the swamp. Missionaries, slavers, and ivory hunters descended. All 46 missionaries died from disease. Then even northern pockets of Christianity disappeared after 1881, when a Muslim religious teacher proclaimed himself the divinely chosen leader Muslims expected to restore true religion in the last days. His followers carried out a purge.

Christian missionaries returned to Sudan after Britain and Egypt established a new colonial government in 1899. Fearing violence, however, the Brits forbade the missionaries to spread the gospel among Muslims. They allowed only educational and medical work. These restrictions encouraged missionaries to go south, where Islam was less dominant. There, British policy established English as the official language for education. The British also assigned territory to each denomination in the hopes that a Christian south would counterbalance a Muslim north.

When Sudan gained independence in 1956, Khartoum began to aggressively Islamize the South. The government nationalized mission schools, mandated Arabic rather than English in education, and changed the day of rest from Sunday to Friday.

In the 1960s, political turmoil and social dislocation combined with faith to produce explosive church growth. Regime change in the North brought new restrictions on missionaries and then outright expulsion. Massacres by out-of-control northern soldiers created massive migration. Nevertheless, in the absence of missionaries, youthful and evangelistic congregations began to flourish. As former missionary Andrew C. Wheeler wrote, "Christian faith and a southern identity became virtually synonymous."

Last summer, Duke Divinity School's Jason Byassee observed the vibrant churches around the southern capital of Juba. In an essay for Books & Culture, he wrote of southern Sudanese preachers who identified independence with God's will. "On January 9, we will be like the Israelites marching to freedom," one preacher said. "God put into motion his plan to free southern Sudan from the North …. [A]s we walk into freedom in January 2011, we recall that the plan for freedom is God's; yours is to be obedient."

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