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Though the U.S. Senate defeated the Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA) on Wednesday, this battle is far from over. Some traditional, pro-family groups remain sure that gay marriage is a watershed contest, and they retain powerful allies in the White House and Congress. On the other side, gay-rights supporters have shown a remarkable ability to advance their agenda rapidly. No matter the fate of this particular legislation, they will continue to agitate for society's blessing.

Thus far, however, the FMA debate has lacked historical perspective. Discussion about the likelihood of the amendment's passage, not to mention the implications of its success, has been largely missing while partisans spin the political consequences. But one period from American history illustrates both the promise of Christian politicking and peril of legislating morality—Prohibition.

Law's Unintended Consequences
America's founding fathers deliberately crafted the Constitution to make amending it difficult. Overwhelming public support is needed to meet the requirements of two-thirds votes in both houses of Congress and approval from three-fourths of the nation's state legislatures. It is no coincidence, then, that spectacular events are often needed to launch the amendment process. The first 10 amendments—our Bill of Rights—were ratified to ensure the Constitution's very existence. Indeed, not until the Civil War could the Constitution be amended to grant non-whites the right to live free, attain equal protection under the law, and vote.

So consider the widespread popularity of Prohibition. No dramatic event was needed to ban the manufacture or sale of any drink containing more than .05 percent alcohol. Sure, World War I helped incite Americans against German beer. But for the most part, Prohibition was the fruit of activist labor, which was often motivated by Christian faith.

During America's religious awakenings, Christian leaders frequently targeted drunkenness. Especially during the Second Great Awakening of the mid-19th century, the zeal for holiness and even human perfectibility precluded the use of alcohol. However, when religious fervency waned, so too the early Prohibition movements faded. The devastation and disillusionment of the Civil War stalled much of the momentum gained by the early Prohibitionist crusaders.

Frances Willard and her Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) helped lead the movement's resurgence. In 1874, the WCTU joined forces with the Prohibition Party, formed only five years earlier. Together they transformed marginal zeal into a popular movement that ultimately passed the 18th amendment to the Constitution.

Willard exemplifies the combination of Christian faith and reforming passion that characterized alcohol's opponents. Carrie Nation garnered the sensational headlines, shouting, "Smash! Smash! For Jesus' name, smash!" as she laid waste to saloons with her hatchet. But Willard led the movement, bridging Prohibition to that era's other major reform effort—women's suffrage. In fact, the two missions had much in common. Since the WCTU was the biggest and most active women's movement of the time, suffrage owed much of its activist experience to Prohibitionists within the ranks.

For Willard, Prohibition was the most pressing women's issue. At the time, drinking was a gendered activity. Saloons provided a refuge for men to escape the home and indulge in vice. The only women to be seen in most saloons offered their bodies for money. When the men returned home, often drunk, they were prone to beating and berating their wives.

Not coincidentally, Willard referred to suffrage as the "home protection ballot." Ironically, this effort by women to fulfill their Victorian expectation of defending the home led them into the public arena. When Prohibition breezed through Congress in 1917 and the states in 1919, hopeful activists anticipated a future in which women's unique virtue would transform the government and nation.

Of course, Prohibition is known today almost entirely for its unintended consequences. Rather than stay in the home to protect its sanctity, young flappers joined men in drinking and dancing at speakeasies. Alcohol hardly disappeared. Within the covert confines of these speakeasies, alcohol production and distribution became America's largest industry, and its profits funded the murderous activities of mob families. By the time the states ratified the 21st amendment in 1933, repealing Prohibition, a once-respected and hugely popular movement had become a national blemish.

Free the Soul, Change the Behavior
The nation's most prominent FMA supporter, President Bush, also knows a thing or two about the dangers of drink. But neither marriage nor DUI laws prohibited him from alcohol abuse. Since shortly after professing faith in Christ, though, he has remained sober. Now he frequently cites his own transformation to justify his support for faith-based charity organizations.

Even if the FMA eventually passes, Christians face an uphill battle to change a culture that demands universal tolerance and promotes feel-good sexuality. You can try to kill a weed by cutting off the visible part. But until you've treated the root, the same problem will emerge later. We'll need to do some digging if we want to cultivate righteousness in America.

Related Elsewhere:

Our Federal Marriage Amendment Hot Topic has more information on the amendment and same-sex marriage.

Christian History Corner, a weekly column from the editors and writers of Christian History & Biography, appears every Friday on Christianity Today's website. Previous editions include:

Hey, John Kerry, WWFFD? | "What Would the Founding Fathers Do" about the application of Christian principles to American politics? A few cautionary words. (July 09, 2004)

Testify! | A glimpse inside the world of "holiness testimony," through the story of an ex-slave woman evangelist. (July 02, 2004)

To Spank or Not to Spank? | A 6th-century abbot and a group of 17th-century Calvinist "divines" weigh in on the issue (June 24, 2004)

Should We Fight for "Under God"? | The right approach to these two little words may not be obvious. (June 04, 2004)

I Was in Prison and You Abused Me | What would Jesus do at Abu Ghraib? (May 28, 2004)

Do Nigerian Miracle Ministries Discredit the Faith? | The spiritual dynamism of West African Christianity is now well known even in the West. Do credulity-stretching, highly publicized miracles discredit what God is doing in that region? (May 21, 2004)

Holy America, Phoebe! | It swept across church lines, transforming America's urban landscape with its rescue missions and storefront churches. Yet today, the "holiness movement" and its charismatic woman leader are all but forgotten. (May 14, 2004)

Mel Gibson's Next Act: "The Man of the Passion"? | Thousands want Mel to make his next movie about a famous medieval friar. (April 30, 2004)

Mel Gibson's Next Act: "The Man of the Passion"? | Thousands want Mel to make his next movie about a famous medieval friar. (April 30, 2004)

Let Us Not Set Asunder | The threat of gay marriage challenges Christians to defend older, better definitions of marriage. But what are those definitions, and how did they develop? (April 16, 2004)

Why does Easter's date wander? | And why the Eastern Orthodox Church is nearly two weeks behind schedule. (April 08, 2004)

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