American Pentecost
In the early morning of April 18, 1906, San Francisco residents were rudely awakened by the deadliest earthquake in North American history. A devastating fire, fed by ruptured gas lines, finished off what the earthquake, later estimated as 8.3 on the Richter scale, failed to destroy in its first deadly seconds. Some 700 people lay dead among the decimated 514 city blocks.
Angry men and women blamed God and the unstable earth sitting atop the unpredictable San Andreas Fault. A gospel tract, rushed to the printer and widely circulated in the area, called the tragedy a judgment and a warning from the God some were cursing.
That same morning, 400 miles south, the world took notice of another movement—one with aftershocks still spreading today. In a skeptical front-page story titled "Weird Babel of Tongues," a Los Angeles Times reporter attempted to describe what would soon be known as the Azusa Street Revival.
"Breathing strange utterances and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand," the story began, "the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles."
Skinny and sickly fanatic
The "newest religious sect" had, in fact, been around for a few years. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Midwestern Methodists and other Christians associated with the Holiness movement had become obsessed with divine healing and the possibility of speaking in tongues—doctrines and practices that dispensationalists argued had ended with the apostolic age. One of these Holiness Christians was an 18-year-old Kansas collegian named Charles Fox Parham.
Like other Methodists, Parham believed that sanctification was a second work of grace, separate from salvation. But he also adopted the more radical Holiness belief in a third experience—the "baptism with the Holy Ghost and fire." As early as 1891, Midwesterners heard young Parham claim that glossolalia—speaking in unknown or foreign tongues—should accompany this baptism in the Holy Spirit.
A handful of his listeners accepted him as a latter-day Elijah, ushering in Christ's return. Some wrote him off as another self-appointed prophet, while others branded the skinny and often sickly Parham as a fanatic.
To perpetuate his views, Parham opened a Bible school in 1900. It was housed in a three-story, turreted Topeka mansion dubbed "Stone's Folly" because it had bankrupted its builder. (Local residents had thought the building was haunted.) In developing his "Apostolic Faith" theology, Parham promoted a revolutionary but short-lived theory—which even Christian and Missionary Alliance leader A. B. Simpson would toy with. Simply put, Parham believed God would supernaturally give known, earthly languages to baptized believers so they could quickly evangelize the world. This end-time revival, accompanied by believers speaking in known languages they had never learned (xenolalia), would bring to an end the church age and bring back a triumphant Christ.
Even Parham's missionaries—and those later sent out from Azusa Street—found difficulties when it came to putting this belief into practice. For example, A. G. Garr, the first white man to speak in tongues at Azusa, went to India expecting the Spirit to enable him to speak Hindi. When this did not happen, Garr and his wife went to Hong Kong and studied Chinese. Though Parham never gave up his belief that he and his followers had spoken in earthly foreign languages, his followers discovered that if foreigners understood them, it was an exception rather than the rule.
Yet Charles Fox Parham based his life on the exceptions rather than the rules. The status quo, he believed, was rarely in touch with the Spirit. He left the Methodist church, calling it predictable and staid. He searched for the missing element he believed would lead Christians back to the true, nondenominational New Testament church. He decided the missing element was speaking in tongues.
At his Bible school, Parham assigned his students to search the Bible for demonstrable evidence that a believer had been baptized in the Holy Spirit. Their conclusion matched Parham's: the Holy Spirit is manifested through tongues.
Speaking in tongues was not a new occurrence, but popped up occasionally in both Christian and heretical groups throughout history. In 1896, W. F. Bryant and his followers had spoken in tongues (this group became the Church of God (Cleveland, Tenn.) ). But Charles Parham was the first to consider it the initial evidence of "the baptism of the Holy Spirit."
Convinced of their findings, Parham and his students conducted a Watch Night service on New Year's Eve to ring in 1901. One of the students, a 30-year-old evangelist named Agnes Ozman, asked (in Parham's words) "that hands be laid on her to receive the Holy Spirit as she hoped to go to foreign fields." As he prayed for her, "a glory fell upon her, a halo seemed to surround her head and face," and she is reported to have spoken in Chinese. Though many people believed Ozman's experience proved Parham's teachings, it is unclear if she actually spoke in Chinese or simply a "heavenly language." In any event, within the next few days, about half of the school's 34 members, including Parham, spoke in tongues.
Finding the Texas protégé
Meanwhile, the press was giving Parham's Apostolic Faith band and its critics front-page coverage. The publicity gained the "Parhamites" more notoriety than fame. Parham closed the school to spread the news of revival with his more devoted students (several students dubious of the recent events had left the school). Their message was met with less than overwhelming success. Though crowds did not show up to see the tongues-speech, reporters did.
Following several scathing articles and the death of one of Parham's sons, the pioneer struggled. He continued to preach here and there, witnessing healings and glossolalia but without great success. Not until a Galena, Kansas, revival in late 1903 did Parham begin to see the results for which he had prayed. Newspapers as far away as Cincinnati gave these meetings favorable publicity as Parham gained several thousand converts.
Crowds in Galena and other Midwestern towns soon learned that Parham was not your usual Sunday morning preacher. Often dressed in Palestinian costume, he warned his listeners that "God will hold them responsible if they do not join in this great crusade with our captain, Jesus, against sin and Satan." He viewed himself as the "projector" of the Apostolic Faith (also called Pentecostal or Latter Rain) movement, though he opposed officially organizing the group.
While Parham preached throughout the Midwest, Texas, the East Coast, and into Canada, claiming a following of 13,000 to 25,000, an even larger Pentecostal movement was happening in Wales, at New Quay on Cardigan Bay. American Holiness publisher S. B. Shaw stirred worldwide interest in that awakening with his 1905 book The Great Revival in Wales. For many believers, the Welsh Revival became a rallying cry for God to do it again. And it prompted many of them to conduct prayer meetings that went on for years.
From Kansas in 1905, Parham took a band of his protégés into Texas. There he preached, distributed his The Apostolic Faith newspaper, won converts, and set up a non-credit Bible school. One of the students attracted to the school was a former waiter and southern Holiness preacher, William J. Seymour. In the Jim Crow South, Seymour, a black, could take part in the Bible studies only by sitting in the hallway outside Parham's classroom.
After only a few weeks of listening to Parham, Seymour received an invitation to pastor a small Los Angeles church of Baptists expelled from their congregation for espousing Holiness doctrines. Seymour carried more than his luggage to California. He boarded the steam train in the Houston depot with enthusiasm and Parham's finely tuned statement of faith.
Twentieth-century Pentecost
The 35-year-old Seymour was an unlikely ambassador of the Pentecostal message: he was the son of slaves, not a gifted speaker, lacking in social skills, had almost no formal education, and was blind in one eye. But perhaps his greatest handicap was the fact that he had never spoken in tongues, even though he preached that such a sign should be a part of every believer's experience.
He chose Acts 2:4 as the text for his first sermon at the mission on Santa Fe Street in Los Angeles: "And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance."
His message, that speaking in tongues was the "Bible evidence" of baptism in the Spirit, was well received by the congregation but not by the pastor, Julia Hutchins. It is unclear how long she let Seymour teach such things, but she soon had the door padlocked shut against him.
Seymour and most of the congregation found an open door for ministry in the Edward Lee home where he was boarding. The Lees and a small group had been praying for a another Great Awakening, a Welsh-type revival that would turn Los Angeles upside down. And they believed that Seymour might be the catalyst.
When the Lee home grew too small for the interracial crowd that gathered for Seymour's Bible studies and prayer meetings, Richard and Ruth Asberry opened their home at 214 (now 216) North Bonnie Brae Street, even though they then disagreed with some of his teaching.
On April 9, 1906, Edward Lee asked Seymour to pray for him that he would be given the gift of tongues. When Seymour prayed, Lee spoke in tongues, fulfilling a vision he said he had received in which the apostles taught him how to speak in tongues.
Seymour immediately left for the Asberry home Bible study and prayer meeting, where he again preached from Acts 2:4 and related Lee's experience. As he continued his study, someone else began speaking in tongues. Others followed. Jennie Moore, Seymour's future wife, sat down at the piano and improvised a tune while singing what she thought was Hebrew.
Crowds of both black and white faces descended on the Asberry home over the next several days. On April 12, the first white man spoke in tongues. More importantly, Seymour, "the prophet of Pentecost to Los Angeles," finally received his personal Pentecost.
And that same day, the Asberry's front porch gave way from the weight of the crowds. That's when leaders negotiated a lease for the former Stevens African Methodist Episcopal Church at 312 Azusa Street.
The windows were knocked out. Debris littered the floor. Its last occupants had been livestock, since it had most recently been used as a stable. It was more like the rustic outdoor camps of the Holiness movement than the stained-glass churches of the distrusted denominations. And since it was not in a residential area, meetings could go all night.
Within a week, a makeshift pulpit, altar, and benches graced what the Times reporter called the "tumble-down shack" where "colored people and a sprinkling of whites" practice the "most fanatical rites, preach the wildest theories, and work themselves into a state of mad excitement in their peculiar zeal."
The article, published almost immediately after the group's move to the new church, took Seymour to task, too: "An old colored exhort [he was only 35], blind in one eye, is the majordomo of the company," the reporter wrote. "With his stony optic fixed on some luckless unbeliever, the old man yells his defiance and challenges an answer. Anathemas are heaped upon him who shall dare to gainsay the utterances of the preacher."
Although he knew the Pentecostal teaching would be controversial, Seymour was adamant about what he had learned and experienced. The Holy Spirit, he said, "will find pure channels to flow through, sanctified avenues for his power. … You will never have an experience to measure with Acts 2:4 … until you get your personal Pentecost or the baptism with the Holy Ghost and fire."
"Let the tongues come forth!"
By September the church reported that about 13,000 people had "received this gospel. It is spreading everywhere, until churches who do not believe backslide and lose the experience they have. Those who are older in this movement are stronger, and greater signs and wonders are following them."
Though there were periods of silence in the meetings, where even the most demonstrative believers sat still, most of the meetings were electric, loud, and unlike the services of "any company of fanatics, even in Los Angeles, the home of almost numberless creeds." The meetings began at 10 a.m., and continued for at least 12 hours, often lasting until two or three the following morning. "Elder" Seymour rarely preached, but when he did, he would often take out a tiny Bible and read only one or two words at a time. Then he would walk the room, challenging unbelievers face to face, shouting to those kneeling at altars to "let the tongues come forth!" or "Be empathetic!"
There were no hymnals, no liturgy, no order of services. Most of the time there were no musical instruments. But around the room, men jumped and shouted. Women danced and sang. People sang sometimes together, yet with completely different syllables, rhythms, and melodies. At other times the church joined together in English versions of "The Comforter Has Come," "Fill Me Now," "Joy Unspeakable," and "Love Lifted Me." At various places, some would be "slain under the power of God" or entranced.
"Proud, well-dressed preachers come in to 'investigate,' " informed The Apostolic Faith (a newspaper founded by Seymour, not to be confused with Parham's publication of the same name). "Soon their high looks are replaced with wonder, then conviction comes, and very often you will find them in a short time wallowing on the dirty floor, asking God to forgive them and make them as little children."
Depending on the observer, the occurrences were either proof of God's presence or of the participants' fanaticism. But to all witnesses, it was something new.
" 'You-oo-oo gou-loo-loo come under the bloo-oo-oo boo-loo,' shouts an old colored 'mammy' in a frenzy of religious zeal," reported the skeptical Times. "Swinging her arms wildly about her, she continues with the strangest harangue ever uttered."
Despite the frequent critical news reports, the curious and genuine seekers continued to pour down Azusa Street.
"The secular papers have been stirred and published reports against the movement," boasted the first issue of The Apostolic Faith. "But it has only resulted in drawing hungry souls who understand that the Devil would not fight a thing unless God was in it."
In fact, when the Times printed a speaker's prophecy of "awful destruction" the day of the San Francisco earthquake, many residents' interest was piqued.
One striking feature of the early meetings: they were interracial. Although Los Angeles was not segregated by law, it was unusual in the growing city of 230,000 to see blacks, whites, Hispanics, Asians, and newly arrived European immigrants worshiping under the same roof. A 1906 Azusa staff photo shows blacks and whites, men and women—all in leadership. An unsigned article in the November 1906 issue of The Apostolic Faith said, "No instrument that God can use is rejected on account of color or dress or lack of education."
Another described one Communion service and foot washing that lasted until daybreak: "Over twenty different nationalities were present, and they were all in perfect accord and unity of the Spirit."
Though reports of the miraculous were sometimes exaggerated, the church didn't mask the revival's problems. Seymour wrote several letters to Parham asking advice in dealing with spiritualists and mediums from occult societies, who were trying to conduct séances in the services. And the church publicly admitted that not everyone at the meetings felt the presence of the Spirit:
"While some in the rear are opposing and arguing, others are at the altar falling down under the power of God and feasting in the good things of God. The two spirits are always manifest, but no opposition can kill, no power in earth or hell can stop God's work."
A future general superintendent of the Assemblies of God, Ernest S. Williams, drawn to Azusa Street from Denver, was turned off by the more fanatical elements, but he also sensed vitality:
"On the brink of turning away," he said, "a great check came over my spirit. Then I began to seek earnestly."
Chicago pastor William Durham was also somewhat skeptical of the meetings, having heard conflicting reports, but he reported, "As soon as I entered the place, I saw that God was there."
Many of the thousands who poured into 312 Azusa Street between 1906 and 1909 heard the revival news through the widely circulated The Apostolic Faith. The paper not only kept readers abreast of what was happening in the "City of Angels" but also in churches and mission stations around the world.
Whether the seekers read the paper or came in person, they were certain to receive messages emphasizing repentance, salvation, humility, worship, healing, deliverance from demonic possession, holy living, and the baptism in the Holy Spirit.
Divisions and the end
Along with the success, hurts and heartaches soon came to Azusa Street. Seymour and the faithful learned to expect criticism from newspapers and leaders of other churches—including the founder of the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene, P. F. Bresee, who believed that Holiness people were already baptized in the Holy Spirit and that the Azusa tongues were not from God.
But some of the harshest criticism came from inside the little mission, with the mother church splitting because of personality clashes, fanaticism, doctrinal differences, and racial separation.
It was said that some whites left because the blacks had a lock on the leadership. Seymour, proving that he was no more perfect than his critics, reportedly asked the Hispanics to leave, and later wrote by-laws that prevented anyone except African-Americans from holding office in the mission. The often-quoted line that "the color line was washed away in the blood" was true in practice for only a short time.
Through the early months of the revival, Seymour gave credit for the movement's origins to Charles Parham and said that Azusa was an extension to the Midwest Apostolic Faith. Expecting a visit from Parham, Seymour wrote, "He was surely raised up of God to be an Apostle of this doctrine of Pentecost." But that "grand meeting" of October 1906 ended in a division that never fully healed.
Parham was shocked at what was being called spiritual manifestations. At what Seymour viewed as God-sent, Parham cringed with disgust, even labeling some adherents as spiritists.
"I sat on the platform in Azusa Street Mission, and saw the manifestations of the flesh, spiritualistic controls, [and] saw people practicing hypnotism at the altar over candidates seeking the baptism, though many were receiving the real baptism of the Holy Ghost. After preaching two or three times, I was informed by two of the elders, one who was a hypnotist … that I was not wanted in that place."
But though the founder and most prominent leader of Pentecostalism renounced it, Azusa Street eclipsed him as the center of the new movement.
After some three years of daily, high intensity revival meetings, the Azusa Street Revival, still under Seymour's leadership, began winding down. When the crowds fell off, the mission soon looked like many other Pentecostal missions sprouting up in the Los Angeles area, with only sparse attendance.
Eventually, after Seymour's death in 1922 and his wife's in 1936, the mission closed and was razed. Only memories were left. But a new chapter in the history of the church had begun.
—Ted Olsen is assistant editor of Christian History.
Copyright © 1998 by the author or Christianity Today/Christian History magazine.
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