1 of 2

"What is the most effectual method of making Christianity so to bear upon a population as that it shall reach every door and be brought into contact with all families?"

William Wilberforce, the famous abolitionist, said, "All the world is wild" about him. And one bishop applied Dante's words to him: "The holy wrestler, gentle to his own and to his enemies terrible."

They were speaking of Thomas Chalmers, a man of extraordinary energy and passion whose life—at least after his conversion—took on a laser-like focus to answer the question he himself once posed rhetorically: "What is the most effectual method of making Christianity so to bear upon a population as that it shall reach every door and be brought into contact with all families?"

Chalmers was born in Anstruther, Scotland, on the Fife coast and educated in local schools and then, beginning at age 12, at the University of St. Andrews (he was the second youngest student). In 1802, he became minister at Kilmany, where he took more interest in national intellectual life than his parish: in an 1805 pamphlet he wrote that a minister should be able to complete all his duties in two days and spend the rest of his "uninterrupted leisure" in whatever manner he wished.

But failure to establish literary fame or academic appointment, combined with a bout with tuberculosis, pushed Chalmers into spiritual crisis and then a conversion. He then began associating with evangelicals and became zealous for missions, home visitation, and relief of the poor.

His reputation as a preacher also grew. At age 35, he was invited to become the minister at a wecaptionhy Glasgow parish, where his eloquence thrust him into the national spotlight. What ignited his passion in Glasgow—ravaged by the grime, squalor, and exploitation of the industrial revolution—was meeting the needs of his poor parishioners.

At his next parish, St. John's, the poorest parish in Glasgow, he was given free rein to try his schemes to make the parish the hub of spiritual care, education, and help for the poor. He wanted everyone to have a church (1) near enough, (2) at seat rents low enough, and (3) with a district small enough to be thoroughly cared for.

He divided the parish of 10,000 into manageable areas and appointed deacons and elders to visit families; he rejected government aid and encouraged self-help and communal sharing as the ways to help the poor. Chalmers was sharply criticized as unrealistic and many argued that he ultimately harmed the poor, but Chalmers claimed his experiment was a success.

In 1823, he left parish ministry for the chair of moral philosophy at St. Andrews University. He became increasingly troubled by the individualistic self-interest promoted by economists and politicians. He believed the only remedy for the evils of industrialization—and its attendant poverty, rootlessness, illiteracy, and threat of revolution—was a parish system, where the lives of the struggling poor could be ministered to effectively.

Furthermore, Chalmers believed a parish system could only work if administrated by a well-endowed national church. In 1834, he began campaigning vigorously for a parish system in which no parish was larger than 2,000 inhabitants, in which Christian discipline and cooperation would be revived through evangelical preaching, and in which Scotland would become a "godly commonwecaptionh."

next page... |  1 of 2

share this page

FREE E-Newsletter Sign up for the ChristianHistory.net e-mail newsletter. Discover more about your Christian heritage with this weekly e-newsletter that features key people, topics, and events from the history of Christianity.      RSS Feed   RSS Help