The global Christian community is buzzing with excitement about the arrival of Chinese Christians eager to serve on many mission fields around the world. While the Chinese church is still developing its capacity as a sending church, this new phase in world missions holds great promise for China and the world—providing a moving demonstration of the maturity of the church in China. Throughout the centuries, many different global mission agencies and missionary workers have contributed to the growth of the mainland Chinese church. The endeavors of Western missionaries like Matteo Ricci, Gladys Aylward, Jonathan Goforth, and Timothy Richard have been well documented in biographies and sermon illustrations. Even today, mentions of Hudson Taylor and his China Inland Mission (CIM) continue to inspire Christian men and women to leave home to share the gospel overseas.
While many expatriates contributed to the present moment in Chinese mission sending, this missionary vision of the Chinese church owes as much if not more to the host of Chinese men and women over the last two centuries who have rooted the gospel message within the Chinese soul. These saints who played such an essential role in the establishment of an explicitly Chinese church deserve to be recognized for their service. May their stories inspire new generations of women and men in China and beyond to serve God wherever he may lead.
1. Ding Limei (1871–1936) A determined evangelist
Evangelist Ding Limei was born into one of the first Christian homes in the province of Shandong. At the age of 13, Ding left home for Dengzhou, (modern Penglai) and enrolled in Tengchow College, which had been founded by the American Presbyterian Mission, North. After graduating, he worked for a few years before returning to study theology for two years at the same school.
Ding was ordained as a pastor in 1898. During the Boxer Uprising in 1900, he was persecuted for his faith and thrown into prison for 40 days where he suffered almost 200 blows by the rod leaving terrible lesions on his skin. After his release, he accepted a position as a Presbyterian minister, resolving to preach the gospel in every province in China, to establish an indigenous Chinese church, and to save the souls of millions of his countrymen. Over the next 20 years he was an active itinerant evangelist, speaking at revivals across the country and leading many Chinese men and women to put their faith in Christ. At the end of his life, Ding focused on theological education, teaching in the North China Theological Seminary and pastoring several congregations. Illness in his later years prevented him from engaging in front line evangelism, but he persisted in praying for the salvation of thousands of countrymen by name, never wavering in his desire to see the people of China won for Christ.
2. Jeanette Li (1899–1968) Cross-cultural evangelist
Jeannette Li was born in 1899 into a Buddhist household. A childhood illness compelled her family to bring her to a missionary hospital and her subsequent recovery led her to enroll in the mission’s school. Li was baptized as the first Christian in her family at age 10. At the age of 16, Lee entered an unhappy marriage with a non-believer. After several years her husband married another woman, leaving Li to raise her son as a single mother.
While caring for her son and her ill mother, Li persisted in her studies and eventually found employment teaching in a government school—an intentional decision she undertook in pursuit of evangelistic opportunities outside the Christian mission school community. Realizing that her true calling was evangelism, she resigned from the school in 1930 and enrolled at the Ginling Bible College in Nanjing to train for ministry. In 1934 she made the first of many trips to Manchuria where she was part of a fruitful cross-cultural outreach in streets, homes, hospitals, and orphanages throughout the region. Her ministry during these years was subject to near constant persecution and harassment from Japanese occupiers. In 1952 Li was imprisoned for 17 months by Communist officials for her faith. Upon her release, Li moved to Guangzhou where she once again volunteered as an evangelist until she was allowed passage to Hong Kong and, eventually, the United States. Throughout all the difficulties in her life, Li continued to share her faith, witnessing to God’s steady provision in times of trouble.
3. Liang Fa (1789–1855) China’s first Protestant Christian
Liang Fa embodies the indigenization of Chinese Christianity—a process that proceeded with fits and starts, periods of foreign patronage, internal persecution, and tension between Christian and Chinese identities. In his early life, Liang grew up in a village where he participated in local folk religious life. As a young adult, Liang worked as a printer assisting the recently arrived Robert Morrison of the London Missionary Society. His subsequent conversion led to the baptism of many family members and a job as the first ordained Chinese evangelist. By midlife, Liang was participating in most of the institutions of the early Protestant missionary movement (the missionary press, local fellowships, schools, a hospital, etc.) and penned one of the most influential Chinese gospel tracts of the 19th century.
Liang showed a tendency towards iconoclasm and embraced a form of Christianity that was strident in rejecting idolatry. Because of his faith and ministry, Liang’s family life became more complicated as he aged, demonstrating several layers of the kinds of conflicts that accompanied becoming a Christian: the real risk in professing faith in Christ, the challenge of participating in religious or ritual life, and tensions over the next generation. Liang Fa is often described as the first fruit or the seed of the indigenous Chinese church.
4. Shi Meiyu (Mary Stone, 1873–1954) Accomplished missionary doctor
A Pastoral Statement
The issue of homosexuality is more than just a hot topic among journalists and television reporters. It is of grave concern for the church. The Right Reverend Bennett J. Sims, Bishop of Atlanta of the Episcopal Church, has written a pastoral statement on the subject. Although intended for use in that denomination (and thus includes references to the episcopal form of church government), we have seldom read anything on this painful subject that so clearly and lovingly applies biblical principles in dealing with homosexuals in the church and society. We commend it to our readers. For those who might want additional copies, write: Communications Department, Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta, 2744 Peachtree Road, N. W., Atlanta, Georgia 30305.
Homosexuality has overtaken all other problems in the church as the most potentially troublesome and least settled issue. There are significant reasons for this.
First, sexuality touches every human being with special intensity and mystery. Personal neutrality about sex is impossible. Sex is an inner engine of clamoring power by design of Another. Therefore it is difficult to be carefully rational in dealing with sexual issues. It seems inevitable that in seeking to state a position on homosexuality any person, clergy or lay, will argue from deeply conditioned assumptions that carry strong feelings with them. Although I aim in this pastoral statement to be reasonable, faithful, and just, I acknowledge at the outset the conditioning of traditional teaching and a heterosexual personal identity.
A second reason for the explosiveness of the homosexual issue is that a prevailing moral consensus to which generations have been accustomed is now under attack. A moral offensive has been mounted against a long-cherished moral position. The consensus shaped by the Judeo-Christian tradition has always understood homosexual orientation and homosexual genital acts as perversions of God’s intention. Today this view is being aggressively challenged. A growing body of avowed and practicing homosexuals, both within the church and outside it, are pressing for acceptance of homosexuality as normal and healthy. From within the church there are those who demand a radical shift from rejection to affirmation of homosexuality as a part of the creation that God deems good. Anglican theologian Norman Pittenger thinks that homosexual orientation is an expression of the God-intended variety of his Creation. Most of us are totally unprepared for such a proposed moral reversal and tend to recoil in stupefaction or outrage or both. Compassion and sober judgment are difficult to muster as we face the leading edges of what may be a mounting controversy.
A third reason for the turbulence over homosexuality is our inexperience in dealing with sex as a religious issue. Christians practice sexuality along with all the rest of humanity; we use and abuse it; we fantasize about it, joke, worry, even pray about it. But we are not practiced, most of us, in gathering the whole range of sexual reality into religious reflection. Additionally, we are not helped in the church by the confusion of conviction among medical and psychological theorists. Although by resolution and majority vote the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its lists of pathologies, there is no agreement in the secular sciences that homosexuality is or is not a correctable abnormality of personality development. Some clinicians and therapists claim that some homosexual persons may be “constitutional” (born to be so), and perhaps the majority of practicing homosexuals insist that this is so. On the other hand, it is equally evident that in many cases homosexuality is an amenable personality dysfunction that with courage, will, and adequate healing help can be overcome in favor of a decisive heterosexual orientation.
A further reason for our discomfort is the failure of the church to have come to grips with homosexuality long ago as an occasion of forthright ministry and healing. The effect of this failure has been to abet the forces that have compelled homosexuals into silence, furtiveness, social ostracism, and immense burdens of personal guilt from which—until the emergence of Gay Liberation—there seemed no enduring release.
Implied in all these reasons, especially the last, is a plea that as Christian people for whom heterosexuality has been and will remain the norm we resist any impulse to be hateful toward a minority in our midst. Such responses tend to betray unresolved malice and dreads in ourselves.
The General Convention of the Episcopal Church in 1976 adopted the following resolution: “… it is the sense of this General Convention that homosexual persons are children of God who have a full and equal claim with all other persons upon the love, acceptance and pastoral concern and care of the Church” (Resolution A-69). This resolution in no way requires that homosexuality be endorsed as a normal and morally acceptable lifestyle, but it does rule out for Episcopalians all cruel attacks on their identity, politically or personally.
The pastoral statement that follows is a reflection on what others have said and written, on both sides of the argument; it includes firm deductions based on my own theological loyalties. In any arena of fresh controversy involving Christians of differing views it is not possible to state the Christian position—and certainly never flawlessly, since “we see through a glass darkly.” But my reading on homosexuality and my counseling with homosexuals have reinforced in me a traditional view, and this, in effect, becomes my personal position as a bishop. Still of greater importance than the conviction is the hope that only a firm position makes possible: that there may be mounted a ministry of healing to the homosexual, first to address an anguish of alienation and second to seek replacement of the homosexual condition, be it either ambivalent or fixed with a decisive heterosexual orientation.
This statement is in three parts: biblical, theological, and practical. In the biblical portion I seek to understand the chief texts of Scripture that bear upon homosexuality. In the theological section I try to place sexuality itself in the context of Christian doctrine and the promise of new life. In the practical section I try to deal with two critical matters of decision-making that are inescapable for a bishop of the Episcopal Church: marriage and ordination.
Biblical Considerations
There appear to be two extremities about the authority of the Bible on homosexuality. At one extreme, it is enough that the Bible condemns homosexuality, not only in practice, but in terms of a personal condition (it is held). That ends the discussion. At the other extreme, it is irrelevant that the Bible deals judgmentally with homosexuality, since (it is held) the Bible reflects merely the then contemporary social attitudes, or the peculiar inhibitions of some writers—or that the Bible does not address homosexuality explicitly, but only in reference to prevailing behavior in pagan religious circles.
Although Christians have never agreed on the precise meaning of “the authority of Scripture,” it is my view that no adequate Christian position on homosexuality can be taken without regard for the Bible as a decisive norm. In the use of Scripture I seek a middle ground between the extremities described above, drawing upon the careful study of David A. Scott, professor of theology at the Virginia Theological Seminary. Dr. Scott has done a careful analysis of the relevant biblical texts, citing the challenges of those who would reinterpret Scripture to favor homosexuality. What follows in the biblical section is largely a summary of Scott’s unpublished study, with some deductions of my own.
The texts are Genesis 1 and Genesis 2; Genesis 19:1–26; Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13; Romans 1:18–32; First Corinthians 6:9; First Timothy 1:10. Scholars agree that of the two creation accounts in Genesis, chapter two is the older. In this older account, sexual differentiation is not linked to procreation but rather to the unitive meaning of “one flesh.” In the later account, chapter one, sex is tied to procreation, which, by definition, rules out homosexuality as a divine intention. But proponents of reevaluation argue that since the earlier and deeper teaching of the creation tradition does not link sex with procreation, there is implied a legitimacy of sexual acts expressing a unitive love between persons even of the same sex. (In the theological section I will offer a critique of this proposal that a unitive love concept between consenting homosexuals may be grounded in Genesis.)
In the story of the destruction of Sodom, Genesis 19:1–26, the condemnation of homosexuality is challenged by reinterpreters on the grounds that inhospitality, not homosexuality, is the point at issue in arousing the divine wrath. The key Hebrew word in the text can be translated so as to convey a non-sexual meaning. The men of Sodom who demanded “to know” (yadha) Lot’s male guests were therefore not bent on homosexual assault, but on the interrogation of aliens who had entered the city. The problem with this interpretation is that Lot offers his daughters as substitutes for his male guests, using the same verb (yadha) “to know,” and here the meaning is clearly sexual. Still, it may be argued that it is never explicitly stated that the men of Sodom were homosexual rapists. This traditional interpretation is an inference from Lot’s attempt at appeasement by offering his daughters, the men’s refusal of the offer, and their subsequent violent treatment of Lot.
The passage is further challenged by reinterpreters on the grounds that all later Old Testament references to the sin of Sodom (as in the Prophets) omit explicit reference to homosexuality and speak instead of the sins of pride, injustice, and unrighteousness. Moreover, in the single New Testament reference to the sin of Sodom (2 Pet. 2:6–10) no direct reference is made to homosexuality. In any event, those who seek to reinterpret Genesis 19:1–26 point out that even if it does intend homosexual assault as the cause of God’s wrath, this is not the character of homosexual liaison for which homosexuals seek approval today—that is, acts expressing tenderness and commitment between consenting adults.
Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 are traditionally read as unambiguous repudiations of homosexual genital acts. “You shall not lie with a man as with a woman” (18:22, NEB). “If a man has intercourse with a man as with a woman, they both commit an abomination” (20:13, NEB). These seem clear as condemning homosexual activity, but two challenges have been advanced. The first holds that these proscriptions make no distinction between “constitutional” (born to be so) homosexuals and predominately heterosexual persons who indulge in deviations from their own norms. It is alleged that, since no such distinction was then known, “constitutional” homosexuals are exempted from the prohibition.
The second challenge is based on the fact that these are single verses embedded in a detailed code of multiple prohibitions primarily concerned with idolatrous religious practices. Obedience to the code of prohibitions, which forbade homosexual acts, was to behave as a faithful Jew—to distinguish a Jew from pagan idolators among whom the Jews lived. Therefore, it can be argued that when homosexuality is not an expression of idolatrous practice in a rival religion, the prohibition against homosexual genital acts loses its force, since homosexual activity no longer signifies apostasy against one’s own religion. Again, as proponents point out, genital acts between homosexuals within a covenant of loyalty and tenderness are not explicitly repudiated in any of the Genesis or Leviticus passages.
However, it must be insisted that these passages do not come to us as isolated dictums, like scattered epics and aphorisms out of a general human history. They are part of the even tapestry of the Word of God—threads and patterns in a larger picture. They must be seen in their special framework, which is the context of the whole Old Testament. In the Old Testament heterosexual sex is clearly and repeatedly affirmed as God’s will for humanity. Homosexual love, however lofty, is never explicitly approved. Indeed, wherever homosexuality is named it is condemned.
Turning to the New Testament, Jesus of Nazareth is not remembered in the Gospels (or anywhere in the New Testament) as having spoken of homosexuality. But the teaching of our Lord is clear with respect to marriage: he affirmed heterosexual marriage to be God’s original and enduring will for men and women. As for the directly relevant passages, they are in the Roman and Corinthian epistles of St. Paul and a later epistle attributed to Paul, First Timothy.
First Timothy 1:10 lists homosexuals along with immoral persons, kidnappers, liars, perjurers—all subject to the condemnation of God’s law. This seems clear as a late New Testament judgment against homosexuality. The question remains open, however, whether the passage refers to persons with a homosexual orientation, or only to homosexuals who engage in genital acts. This raises a distinction between the categories of “being” and “doing,” which are better dealt with in connection with the Corinthian and Roman passages, and in the theological section as well.
First Corinthians 6:9 carries a list of vices similar to those listed in First Timothy, all of them condemned, including homosexuality. However, in this passage St. Paul (as the authentic writer) strikes a critical note not included in First Timothy. In verse eleven he makes the point that “such were some of you.” His meaning is that by God’s grace certain persons known to him had been freed from these sins, including homosexuality. Still, the question remains open as to the meaning of being freed: was it freedom from the old identity (being) in favor of a new one as a heterosexual, or was it freedom from the compulsion to engage in homosexual acts (doing), while retaining the old identity? We do not know, and Christian teaching must make a judgment as to the Pauline meaning that “excludes homosexuals from the Kingdom of God.” Most Christian communions would understand St. Paul to intend a distinction between being and doing—that it was perverse behavior he condemned, not sinful identity since, as he writes in another passage relevant to the homosexual issue: “We know that the judgment of God rightly falls upon those who do such things” (Rom. 2:3, italics mine).
This brings the analysis to Romans and to that passage traditionally regarded as the sternest repudiation of homosexuality in the New Testament. Speaking of the perversity of those who turn against the loving lure of God Paul writes, “God gave them up to dishonorable passions. Their women exchange natural relations for unnatural, the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in their own person the due penalty for their error” (Rom. 1:26–27).
Two kinds of challenge have been advanced against the traditional understanding of this passage. First, it is pointed out that the theme of this whole section in Romans is not homosexuality as such, but the wrath of God upon a disobedient humanity, homosexuality being but a consequence of a generalized human bondage to original sin. The real point at issue, it is argued, is not homosexuality at all, but rather the human perversity of dishonor to God and its consequences. The effect of this argument is to suggest that there exists a wholly other motivation for homosexual activity than perverse dishonor to God; thus when homosexuality is set in the motivating context of love for God and one another, the activity escapes altogether the condemnation intended by this passage. This seems an argument from silence that defeats itself morally. In context the condemnation of homosexual activity is bound to apply equally to all other forms of behavior that St. Paul condemns. The logical effect of the exemption argument is to suggest that, given the proper motivation, there are loving ways to be “full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malignity …” (Rom. 1:29 ff.). This is moral absurdity.
A second kind of challenge advances the view that St. Paul is simply cataloging sinful manifestations against nature, and that “constitutional” homosexuality is therefore exempted, since it is an expression of what is natural for those so “constituted.” Agreement with this argument requires an admission that there is a category of divine intention into which some men and women are born as “constitutional” homosexuals. This is unsubstantiated. Agreement with the argument also means that St. Paul implied a distinction between a morality of inversion (“constitutional”) and a morality of perversion. And this is not open to substantiation, since we cannot talk to St. Paul.
Again, as in the case of the Old Testament, the New Testament references need to be viewed as part of a whole fabric. The teaching of Jesus about marriage, the teaching of St. Paul and other writers of the New Testament are unanimous and undeviating in portraying heterosexual love as God’s will, and therefore good and normative. Against this background, and considering the arguments advanced that dispute a traditional biblical understanding of homosexuality, I cannot escape the conclusion that homosexual behavior is explicitly and implicitly regarded as deviate and sinful, especially in what has long been viewed as the linchpin passage, Romans 1:26 ff.
But implied in this conclusion is a distinction that I feel must be made between homosexual identity and homosexual activity. Although it is abundantly clear from Scripture that both heterosexual being and doing are unanimously affirmed, and that homosexual doing is condemned, it is not clear from Scripture just what morality attaches to homosexual being. What are we to say about the morality of an unsought homosexual orientation? This calls upon theology.
Theological Considerations
Once again, for Christians, the biblical evidence is a decisive norm. But for most of us it is not exhaustive, even for the biblically conservative. That is why the Christian tradition has always included interpretation in the forms of teaching and preaching, which in their most traditional approaches are simply the continual opening of the darkness and mystery of human life to the illumining lift of the Word of God. This is theology.
A trinitarian theological approach can illume the darkness and mystery of human sexuality. First, it is affirmed that humanity is made in the image of God (creation). Second, humanity is in bondage to sin, which distorts that image in so deep and original a way that only the gracious action of God through his Son can break the bondage (redemption). Third, we live now in the age of the Spirit, sent by God to be his empowerment for our growth in outreaching love, maturity, and holiness (sanctification).
In regard to the image of God it is crucial to any Christian understanding of sex that the divine image in humanity is incomplete without both man and woman, which is to hold that the aim of Christian sexuality is not personal satisfaction but interpersonal completeness. “The two shall become one flesh” (see Gen. 2:24 and Mark 10:8). This is the ancient prescription. One plus one equals one: completeness. It remains a great mystery since human experience is imperfect, even in rapture. But from the mystery we can discern the meaning of the ideal of completeness, which is the union of opposites, or the coming together of differences. This does not mean simply genital differences (though this is fundamental to a biblical understanding of sexuality), but such differences as personality, temperament, social function, and aspiration, all gathered into the physical symbol of genital differentiation.
This understanding rejects homosexuality as a distortion of divine intent:
“It is not a valid model of sexuality, for it affirms incompleteness … It is probably true that any love is better than no love in a loveless world. But love is not a single, lone act isolated from other acts. It is part of a whole, the ordering of relation … Fulfillment must be found outside the self if it is to affect the self. But in sexual matters fulfillment is completeness, the coming together of differences” (John W. Dixon, Jr., “The Sacramentality of Sex,” in Male and Female: Christian Approaches to Sexuality, ed. by Barnhouse and Holmes, Seabury, 1976).
Instantly, this explains the fearful psychodynamics of heterosexuality: how and why sex is, at one and the same time, a bewitching lure and the very rocks and shoals on which relationships run aground. We long for completeness, but the coming together of opposites is enormously difficult work.
It also explains why Christian marriage is always a life-long contract. Only a commitment of that duration and moral force suffices to provide most men and women the time and security to discover and grow in the unselfishness required to bring opposites together. The ominous rise in divorce rates, the proliferating pornography, the increasing hedonism and preoccupation with sex for its own sake are all symptoms of the moral failure of our culture to rise to the inherent challenge of divinely created sexuality: that it is sacramental. Sex is a symbol of personal commitment to give and receive at the deepest levels of interpersonal sharing and fidelity. And it is not humanity’s gift to itself; it is God’s bestowal and it carries conditions.
Which, therefore, is worse from the standpoint of the Giver: heterosexual lasciviousness and promiscuity, or the deviate nature of homosexuality, which so readily gives rise to liaisons of convenience and short-term commitments? Who can know? But two conclusions seem clear.
First, widespread scorn among heterosexuals for the sacramental ideal of sex (and its imperfect fulfillment in even the best marriages) is decidedly not a justification for endorsing homosexuality, even where its proponents profess an ideal of fidelity in a homosexual relationship. The use of one failure to cast more favorable light upon another failure is the first circle in a spiral of collapsing morality.
Second, in reference to the biblical standard of sexuality and sexual behavior, St. Paul’s conclusion about the basic human condition applies with fresh force in our time: “For there is no distinction; since all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God” (Rom. 3:22b and 23). Sin is the innate perversity of the human spirit (which we who write of sex must acknowledge as we write) that rebels against the sovereign will of God. All relationships up and down the scale of normal-abnormal are soiled, to the degree of our rebellion, by this sinister power of alienation: original sin.
Repentance is the moral and spiritual mechanism by which we lay hold of the healing, reintegrating work of God in Jesus Christ, his work of restoring to human identity its image of intended godliness.
In regard to homosexuality, the most important witness of Scripture is not condemnation, but the promise of liberation. St. Paul is explicit about the contrast effected by the love of God in Christ between an old life in bondage to sin and a new life of freedom. And Christian freedom is never license to live as before (Gal. 5:13). It is the gift of power to have done with alienating, guilt-inducing behavior. This is the freedom of inner harmony and healing, accomplished again and again as persons are open in penitence and resolve.
Repentance means the decision to be personally responsible for choices. It is the refusal to drift, the refusal to delay. And this refusal rests on a critical prior decision, which is the refusal to pass the buck. This is the precondition to repentance: the refusal of all self-pity and self-justification by which human ingenuity concocts blameworthy figures (of whom there is always an abundant supply) such as Eve and the serpent, and even God himself as a last resort, whom Adam cleverly blames as the inventor of “that woman whom thou gavest to be with me” (Gen. 3:12). The vicious consequence of this refusal of responsibility is the abdication of human freedom.
One wonders how much the insistence upon a “constitutional” homosexuality is not at bottom a contemporary expression of blaming God as a last resort, the shift of responsibility for one’s being, and the parallel abdication of freedom. This is a very difficult question and needs to be dealt with compassionately even when conviction compels us to challenge the idea of “constitutional” homosexuality. The moral problem that attaches to the idea of homosexuality as fixed in one’s being is that it tends to the loss of moral freedom. There are at least two arguments that must be met in challenging the moral appropriateness of this “constitutional” idea.
First it is claimed that homosexuality is genetic. Therefore, personal responsibility for the condition would be as inappropriate as an apology for blue eyes or old age. However, geneticists point out that any gene clustering in the embryo that does not or cannot lead to reproduction and therefore to the perpetuation of a species gene pool is by definition “maladaptive.” That is to say, such a clustering is counterproductive of the fundamental purpose of genetic behavior. In these terms homosexuality, if it be genetic in origin, cannot be reproductive of the race and therefore represents in its very condition a deviation from genetic norms. It is a violation of genetic purpose. Whether one can be morally responsible for the arrangement of his or her genes is doubtful; here is reason enough for an attitude of compassion to replace public contempt.
But again, compassion does not mean endorsement! At the deep genetic level, homosexuality appears to be what it has always been in the valuation of Scripture: a deviation from the norm of God’s will in creating us male and female. And each person, having to function within the limits of a life no one chooses, each of us with impairments of some kind, is responsible before God for what he or she does with the gift of life in reference to God’s revealed will.
Second, it is claimed that homosexuality originates at preconscious levels of personality formation, so early in life as to be immovably fixed as part of one’s being. This argument moves up the scale from the physiological to the psychological level. It is decidedly true that most strong homosexual orientation has a history of damaging parental and interpersonal influences that operate early and powerfully on the emotional development of a child at the unconscious level. Homosexuality does appear to be an unconscious adaptive step taken by a threatened personality for its self-protection. But here, at this level, it is far less doubtful than at the genetic level that one can be absolved of moral responsibility. A careful Freudian scholar. Robert Stoller, makes the point that:
“Freud believed perversion is motivated, i.e., that a person is somehow in his depths, in part responsible for his perversion. The deviant act, Freud felt, is the product of the great human capacity for choice and so ultimately has a moral quality (even if one’s responsibility is mitigated because the choice is unconscious and was arrived at because of unsought threatening circumstances in childhood)” (quoted by Ruth Tiffiny Barnhouse, “Homosexuality,” Anglican Theological Review, June, 1976).
A Christian psychotherapist, Barnhouse comments that if this were not true, then psychotherapy could never work. This is so because we cannot change what is beyond our control:
“The process of psychotherapy entails a very large element of helping the sufferer to understand that he is not a victim of something beyond himself, but that choices made in the past, however unconsciously, can be reviewed and new decisions taken” (p. 127, italics mine).
Therapy that does not rest upon such an assumption must necessarily rest upon some other, which would be empty of moral content unless it held a person responsible for choices. Without moral content therapy is simply manipulative. It cannot respect the critical ingredient of moral freedom as expressing every human being’s unique individuality. The important thing to notice here is that an amoral psychotherapy that seeks to absolve the sufferer from moral responsibility is not only anti-Christian, it is actually heretical to orthodox Freudian assumptions. Christian theology and Freudian psychoanalytic theory agree here. What this argument leads to is that unless the church is ready to challenge homosexual claims about the normalness of homosexuality, then the church in effect joins in reducing and degrading the humanity of the very people to whom the church needs to minister.
It would be untrue to them and to the Gospel of Christ to speak of compassion without cost, as if the mercy of God, which all of us claim as believers, were available apart from the conscious assumption of moral responsibility. There is no such thing as cheap grace, no such gift as a redeemed and liberated life without entrance upon the crucifixion of the “old man.” God’s love is not a pat on the head, but a refiner’s fire, because he honors us in the freedom he bestows upon us as responsible, from the beginning of our growing up to the end of our final chance in this life. This means that every failure along the way to take a step of growing up involves us in moral default. Putting it positively, every assumption of responsibility for the choices we make is a claim upon personal maturity and freedom. This is a moral victory.
Repentance is a rich old word. Repentance is the way back to the recovery of lost chances. Repentance is the way forward to maturity and virtue. Repentance claims the healing power of the universe, which is implicit in every instance of inner healing, whatever the auspices, and is explicit in the revelation of God in Jesus Christ as redeemer of a sinful humanity.
“The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such there is no law …” (Gal. 5:22–23). We know that in history and in the present moment, Christian persons of homosexual orientation manifest the fruit of the Spirit, even while they struggle, as all human beings must, against the works of the flesh: “immorality, impurity, licentiousness, … enmity, strife, jealousy, anger … (Gal. 5:19–20). And we know that Christian persons of homosexual orientation have regarded their condition with sorrow and contrition, but, unable to change, have drawn on the Spirit for the power of forbearance and chastity, which is sanctification indeed.
I have in mind here, especially, clergy of the church who, in commitment to Christ, have offered an enduring inner blemish for God’s use that divine power may be perfected in human weakness. St. Paul is the author of this valuation of infirmities from which we are not to be delivered, but which by their offering become the very material out of which God fashions strength of character and sanctity of life (2 Cor. 12:7–9).
The personal goal of the Christian life goes by a fine old name: sainthood. Sainthood always represents the victory of the Holy Spirit who conquers, where he is given decisive reign, the compulsion of our gross appetites. “I mean this:” writes Paul, “if you are guided by the Spirit you will not fulfill the desires of your lower nature” (Gal. 5:16, NEB). Implicit here is the answer to the question on which Scripture is explicitly silent: that is, whether homosexual identity (being) is condemned. From the evidence, the answer must be no, it is not. The whole weight of Jesus’ own ministry makes a distinction between sin and the sinner, insisting on God’s love for the wayward, patiently seeking the wayward’s redemption. In the case of homosexuality, the stubbornness of its grip may be utterly unconquerable as a fixed and primary sexual orientation, but personal character may be so lifted (sainted) by the Spirit’s power as to free the homosexual from the need for homosexual activity.
Sexuality and sexual behavior are dimensions of humanness, but they do not constitute a person as a human being. They cannot, in actual fact, because there are persons who for reasons of physical impairment, or psychic makeup, or commitment to celibacy, never engage in genital sex with a partner. Such persons do not lose their humanness. Indeed, humanness can be heightened in terms of sensitivity and selflessness, which are the spiritual goals of the gift of sex as we Christians understand the gift.
The pastoral question is how to be just, as we face openly the homosexual issue. How to hew to the norms of a good and God-intended sexuality while reaching out in compassion for those in the thrall of a distortion. I suggest two modes of ministry.
First, that we take seriously the promise of the Spirit’s work at the corporate level, which is communion with one another. All the works of the Spirit are instrumental to unity: love, joy, peace.… Somehow the church cannot be in the Spirit and in calculated strife at one and the same time. Let heterosexual Christians rely on the Spirit to put away censoriousness and dread. Let homosexual Christians rely on the Spirit to put away rage and any need to proselytize.
The time is surely gone when, in the name of Christ, anyone may justly persecute a homosexual or mount a political effort that deliberately seeks a public policy of discrimination. A trust that homosexuals have no need to persuade the impressionable into homosexual experimenting would dissipate the fears that give rise to persecution.
Second, out of the conviction that God wills healing, let us hold to the norm of heterosexuality and trust the Spirit’s power to make flourish anew the church’s healing gifts. Let us dare the possibility that God himself has willed that we be compelled in our time to look squarely into the homosexual’s ancient sufferings and so be forced to find in his Spirit the power of healing that he may withhold until we seek it.
What this means is that the place of the homosexual in the church is not acceptance as representing a third order of legitimate sexuality (which adds something to the created orders of male and female), but acceptance as one in process of growth and change. All of us are human “becomings,” our beings intended by God to respond to the summons of maturity as we bear the cruciformity of life and find it the way toward “the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ” (Eph. 4:13). For the homosexual in process this may mean the development through healing into a new identity as a heterosexual—or development through healing into a new sanctity that accepts a thorn in the flesh as a means of grace.
Practical Considerations
Always the practice of the church must go forward in the absence of perfection. Decisions must be made in the foreknowledge of their flaws, since nothing we do is unmarred by the partiality of our wisdom. But two primary decisions must be made now and in the days ahead with respect to homosexuality.
The aim of sexuality as understood in Christian terms is not satisfaction, but completeness. The argument for this, advanced in the theological section, rules out the church’s altering its tradition with regard to marriage. The church is right to confine its blessing exclusively to heterosexual marriage. Completeness of sexuality is the bringing together of radical differences, male and female. “The two shall become one flesh” (Gen. 2:24). By this standard, homosexual liaison witnesses to incompleteness. For the church to institutionalize by liturgical action a relationship that violates its own theological assumptions about sex is inadmissable. This does not suggest that homosexuals are incapable of sincerity and loftiness of commitment. That is a matter of individual choice and conscience, for which individuals must make answer. But the church’s liturgical action is not individual. It is corporate. It is also public. It witnesses to what the church stands for and to what it advocates as good for society as a whole.
Here it is crucial to distinguish between (1) the “avowed and practicing” homosexual and (2) one with a dominant homosexual orientation about which he or she is willing to do one of two things: either submit the condition to a ministry of healing, or, finding after prolonged attempts at healing that the condition is incurable, is ready to sublimate that sexual impulse in a commitment to celibacy and continence.
In the case of the first, the “avowed and practicing” homosexual, ordination is inadmissable on two grounds. First, as in Christian marriage, ordination is a corporate and proclamational act. By means of its ordination liturgy, the church proclaims its values, not simply for itself, but in evangelistic terms for the social order. The ordination of an avowed and practicing homosexual in my judgment involves the church in a public denial of its own theological and moral norms on sexuality. Second, one of the vows required of an ordinand commits him or her to the fashioning of personal (and family or community) life after the manner of Christ so as to be a wholesome example to the church. The ordination of an avowed and practicing homosexual would require the church’s sanction of such a lifestyle, not only as acceptable, but worthy of emulation. On the basis of the foregoing biblical and theological considerations this is inadmissable.
In the case of the second, the non-practicing homosexual who seeks healing, it is my judgment that the door to ordination must be kept open. To close it on categorical grounds would be to deny all that we profess about the promises of liberation and healing. It would also deny what we have experienced of personal growth and change in heterosexual persons who present themselves for selection, candidacy, and training for ordination. Final judgment as to personal suitability for ordination is reserved to the bishop, with the advice and consent of canonically stipulated boards of review. In the case of a homosexual seeking healing, the judgment as to fitness needs to be made on an individual basis in the course of a searching, challenging, and supportive process, which is the prevailing policy by canon law in all dioceses of the Episcopal Church with respect to all who seek ordination.
We are at a critical moment in the American pilgrimage. The wind of a well-intended permissiveness that sought the release of human creativity has blown us a whirlwind. It would be easy to hoist a white flag of despair. On its underside, permissiveness has spawned a moral anarchy that is nowhere more lurid than in our self-serving sexuality. But it is simply not in the created nature of the human spirit to be fulfilled by wantonness. As a counterthrust to the forces that would send society down to an unruly demise, many of us sense abroad and in ourselves a new hunger and thirst after righteousness—a longing for dependable order to ennoble human ardor. God grant us as a church to stand tall for what we have received and believe, that the world may know on whom to count for what endures to sustain and nourish human souls. But let us resolve never to seek for others what we are unready to seek for ourselves: lives given over to Christ daily, allowing him to use whatever infirmity there be in us to work his will in making all things new.
D. Bruce Lockerbie is chairman of the Fine Arts department at The Stony Brook School, Stony Brook, New York. This article is taken from his 1976 lectures on Christian Life and Thought, delivered at Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary in Denver, Colorado.
One of the earliest second-generation Christians on the continent, Shi Meiyu was born to a Methodist pastor and a mission school principal. As a child, Shi studied both the Chinese classics and Christian literature before heading to the University of Michigan to study medicine.
One of the first two Chinese women to receive a medical degree from an American university, Shi returned to China in 1896 to serve as a medical missionary with the Women’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She spent her remaining decades establishing and running multiple hospitals and participating in a wide range of evangelistic work. Shi served on the China Continuation Committee after the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference of 1910, was the first president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in China, and was one of the organizers of the Bethel Worldwide Evangelistic Band. In 1918 she cofounded the Chinese Missionary Society in order to support and send Chinese Christians to evangelize other Chinese people.
5. Shu Shan (?–1900) A courageous Boxer Martyr
Shu Shan and her family were Christians living on the outskirts of Beijing when the Boxer turmoil erupted in the summer of 1900. A grassroots uprising with complicated causes, the Boxer participants called on the spiritual assistance of traditional Chinese mythical heroes to destroy all foreign influences and restore prosperity and security to the common people of North China. Shu’s husband was a local evangelist in charge of his own mission station just outside Beijing. As news of the coming Boxer violence spread, he fled to the mountains in search of safety, sending his wife and their three children under the age of 10 to live with nearby relatives. As the Boxers closed in on their village, Shu and her children were gradually turned away from all possible places of refuge by friends and family alike, eventually returning to their home to wait for death. Shu and her children were seized by the Boxers because of their Christian faith and then tormented, murdered, and cast into a shallow grave near the ruins of their home. The blood of Shu Shan and the many other Christian martyrs of 1900 inspired a generation of expatriate missionaries and local disciples to take up their crosses and follow Jesus wherever he led—their obedience forming the foundation of today’s Chinese church.
6. Sung Shangjie (John Sung, 1901–1944) China’s John the Baptist
The Third World is receiving lots of publicity. We hear of oppression, extreme poverty, and malnutrition. We also hear conflicting explanations why such suffering exists. A common explanation—probably assertion would be a better term—is continually made, and not uncommonly to Christian audiences.We are told, in essence, that poor countries are poor because rich countries keep them that way. The plight of the Third World, say exponents of that view, is due to an economic system under the control of countries bordering the North Atlantic Ocean (together with some others such as Japan and Australia). Christians and other ethically sensitive people are reported to feel embarrassment and shame because the rich countries are oppressing poor countries.
We can readily understand why poor countries feel the need to blame others for their predicament. After all, comparatively rich nations also blame others for the problems that they have. What is true for countries is also true for individuals.
However, nothing is gained by hurling blame on others. Instead, efforts should be directed toward squarely facing the facts of poverty and then doing what one can about them. A key fact is that most of the poorer nations have been poor for centuries. Moreover, only a few centuries ago the nations that are considered rich today were also poor.
It is often asserted that colonialism effected a vast transfer of wealth. But there are few parallels to the massive removal of gold to Spain from what is now Peru. It is far more common to find material conditions having improved in colonized lands from what they were before conquest. This end does not justify the means. But it should make us hesitate before blaming colonialism for the problems of poor nations.
Nor was colonialism essential to prosperity. Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Japan are rich despite little or no help from colonies. Indeed, in the cases of Spain, Portugal, and, increasingly, Britain, the achievement of great colonial empires has not proved to be a permanent guarantor of prosperity. The British administration of India, for example, did more for that sub-continent than it would have done for itself. There are studies indicating that it cost Britain more than she received in return to administer and protect her empire.
A resolution of one of the problems of poor countries rests with them—that is, reversing the growth in population. In 1950 the population of Latin America was about 165 million. By 1977 this had more than doubled to 342 million. In 1950 the population of Africa was some 220 million. By 1977 it too had more than doubled to over 450 million. In India the figure was 382 million in 1950 and 642 million in 1977.
Various attempts have been made by the developed nations to help developing ones. But much of that has meant little because of uncontrolled population growth. Gains in agricultural technology by the poor nations at best did no more than keep pace with the growing populations; in some cases they are worse off.
Moreover so far as the future is concerned expert predictions portray a situation for the poorer nations that will worsen. Limiting the population growth should be a major policy of poor countries. When a rate of growth is 2 per cent per year a country will double its population in thirty-five years. When the growth rate is 3.5 per cent the population will double in only twenty years.
Consider Mexico, where the population is growing at a 3.5 per cent rate. In 1950 its population was about 27 million. By 1977 it had passed 62 million. If unchecked by the year 2000 it will be 125 million, and twenty years later it will be more than 250 million. In less than seventy-five years the population of Mexico will be greater than the projected population of the United States, assuming the rates in both countries continue as they are. The United States has a land area nearly five times that of Mexico. Is it any wonder that so many Mexicans illegally enter the United States each year?
There is no way that rich nations can force poor nations to control their population growth. Even suggestions that they do so often lead to irrational cries of genocide and racism.
So long as population growth remains unchecked, it is unlikely that any combination of helpful or harmful actions by the richer nations will really have much effect, no matter how beneficial or repressive. Rather than blame their poverty on others, poor countries should take immediate and continuing steps to stabilize their populations.
Carter And Marston
President Carter has had a lot of important things on his mind, and the fate of the federal prosecutor in Philadelphia, who until recently was David Marston, cannot be high on his priority list. It ought to be, for we think he acted unethically in dismissing Marston.
It is apparently routine when presidents take office for the U.S. attorneys of the opposing party to resign. If the appointee doesn’t do that, then he or she is fired. But President Carter said that he wouldn’t conduct politics by what used to be acceptable behavior. He won primaries and then the election in part because he promised to bring a new approach to governing. He specifically promised to remove the Department of Justice (and the U.S. attorneys who serve in it) out of the clutches of political favoritism and protectionism. Quite apart from the merits of the Marston affair, we ask what the President has done to fulfill that promise. We think that to have broken with the past by repudiating the tradition that disallows prosecutors from being of a different political party would have been a good way to begin. In many other ways President Carter has felt free to ignore the old rules. Why not this practice also?
Many people have faulted him for not being particularly concerned about stroking senators and representatives, though we have not done so. He has been criticized for being too forthright in speaking up for human rights instead of being diplomatic with brutal rulers. Although he has largely backed down because of the howl from Capitol Hill, he tried to cut back severely on the pork-barrel dam building projects that presidents and congressmen traditionally love.
But even if one grants the propriety of the President continuing the old custom, he should not have fired Marston once he learned that Representative Joshua Eilberg, a Democrat, was under investigation by Marston’s office. President Carter’s embarrassment at reversing the decision to fire Marston would have been a small price to pay for avoiding the appearance of a cover-up.
If Eilberg were innocent, he had nothing to fear from Marston, even if the prosecutor was a bit too aggressive and politically ambitious. With few exceptions, U.S. juries in recent years have not convicted people who have been charged from apparently political motives. If Eilberg is guilty then the investigation has been hampered and perhaps derailed. There is enough political corruption without President Carter seeming to be indifferent to it.
It is irrelevant that the President was unaware that Eilberg was under investigation when the congressman phoned him. What matters is how the President acted once he did find out. He has changed his mind before when new facts came to light; he should have changed it in this case.
At least one can hope that the publicity surrounding this episode will cause Marston’s successor to vigorously pursue the investigation of Eilberg. And perhaps U.S. attorneys in the future will not resign or be fired when a president of a different party takes office.
He Made Religion Readable
A news flash on Scottish radio one afternoon last month gave a report quickly passed throughout the country: “Willie Barclay’s dead.” It stunned even those with no known faith whose attention had been caught through one of Barclay’s gripping television presentations. When CHRISTIANITY TODAY had interviewed him two years ago and asked him about them and how he did it, Barclay said he always had in mind a man about to read his Sunday newspaper. “My job,” he said simply, “stop him!” Through his books also (sales about seven million) he communicated the Christian faith as few in modern times have done. It was said of him, as it was of C. S. Lewis, that he had made righteousness readable.
A bank manager’s son born seventy years ago in Wick, he was ordained in 1933 and for thirteen years served a parish on industrial Clydeside where his members were largely shipyard and factory workers. In 1946 he was invited to become lecturer in New Testament at Glasgow University and was promoted to a professorship in 1964. His lectures were as lucid as his public appearances on the media and his Daily Study Bible, which was translated into ten foreign languages. Students esteemed him as a warmhearted counselor and friend. Barclay enjoyed a joke against himself. A woman had once asked the location of his church. “I don’t have a church at the moment,” he replied. “Never mind,” she said comfortingly to the veteran communicator, “I’m sure you’ll get one soon.”
Soon after his retirement from Glasgow in 1974 he was appointed to a visiting professorship at Strathclyde University (a largely technical institution) to analyze professional ethics in the business world. Barclay’s theological outlook was that of a liberal universalist, but (unlike many liberals) his tolerance extended to evangelicals, many of whom have been the beneficiaries of his thoughtfulness and courtesy.
Combating Conversions
The spread of legalized gambling is a fact of contemporary American life. But more and more leaders are coming to realize that it is not a fact to be celebrated. Perhaps the arrival of casinos in Atlantic City this year has awakened some people along the eastern seaboard who previously thought that the gambling menace was confined to Nevada. New Jersey’s approval of casino operations and the establishment of lotteries from Maryland to New England have demonstrated that state-approved games of chance are not just the domain of Las Vegas.
Advocates of legalized gambling argue that illegal rackets, often directed by criminal syndicates, flourish when there is no legal way to bet. The nation’s capital, for instance, still has not legalized gambling. But Brant Coopersmith, head of a citizens’ commission studying such a scheme for the District of Columbia, reported that “numbers is a part of the life of this city.” He proposed that city sponsorship of betting would “guarantee an honest game, a fair payout, and make money for the District of Columbia at the same time.”
Some of the city’s black pastors are upset at the proposal. Since they are close to many of the potential victims of the gambling—the poor of the community—they know what it will mean for these people. They think that gambling is not only immoral but that it is a form of regressive taxation hurting the poor. These pastors have considerable influence at the District Building, Washington’s city hall. They recently got Mayor Walter Washington to veto a measure that would have reduced penalties for drug offenses: They have also been speaking out against proposed legislation sought by the homosexual community.
Another new entry into the gambling fray is Maryland Churches United, a council of Protestant and Orthodox bodies. Their state’s lottery is attempting to entice customers with the slogan, “It’s O.K. To Play,” and the council people don’t like that. They believe it conveys the message that gambling is morally acceptable. Lottery boosters say it means that participation is legal and not under the control of criminal bosses. Members of congregations across the state are being asked to sign a petition that states, “We believe that it is morally wrong for the state of Maryland to mount aggressive publicity campaigns designed to convert Maryland citizens into gamblers. Specifically, we object strenuously to the state lottery agency’s slogan, ‘It’s O.K. To Play.’ ”
Conversion is what this battle is all about. Increasing numbers of church leaders see that the forces of evil are trying, with official sanction, to convert their communities. They also realize that the people for whom they are concerned are about to become victimized by some of the so-called victimless crimes. Beyond the spiritual issue they see the great social costs. This is good; we just hope it is not too late. Concerned people of all theological viewpoints should support one another in the effort to halt the spread of gambling—legal or illegal.
United Presbyterians And Homosexuality
The United Presbyterian Church has gone through a ten-year period of declining church and Sunday school enrollments. As just one indicator of slipping vitality, its missionary force overseas has declined by about 60 per cent. Now a new and threatening shadow promises added turmoil and division.
At stake is the recommendation of a special task force appointed by the highest organ of the denomination, the General Assembly, to ordain “self-affirmed” homosexuals. The nineteen-member task force voted fourteen to five in favor of the ordination of “practicing homosexuals if the person manifests such gifts as are required for ordination.” A minority report was filed by the five dissenting members, which argued in effect that practicing homosexuals are living in sin. The minority respectfully but firmly stated the biblical view; “homosexuality is not God’s wish for his children.… Even where the homosexual orientation has not been consciously sought or chosen, it is neither a gift of God nor a state or condition like race; it is the result of man’s fallen condition.…”
In general, the entire task force agreed that, as has been customary, ordination procedures belong to the jurisdiction on the district level (called the presbytery) not to the nationwide General Assembly. However, seeking to confine the question of homosexual ordination to the district level would seem to be in direct conflict with the recent controversy involving the attempted ordination of Walter Kenyon. (See Jan. 31, 1975, issue, p. 30.) In that case the highest judicial court of the denomination overruled the Pittsburgh Presbytery that had agreed to ordain Kenyon. Kenyon’s “sin,” by the way, was to believe that he could not conscientiously participate in the ordination of women to the ministry, in accordance with what he believes is biblical teaching. He was willing to serve with them in the denomination. Nevertheless, his ordination was revoked.
The Presbyterian Book of Order (1976–1977, Section 44.10) clearly states that “To the General Assembly also belongs the power of deciding in all controversies respecting doctrine and the interpretation of the Constitution of the Church; of reproving, warning, or bearing testimony against error in doctrine or immorality in practice in any church, presbytery, or synod.…”
If certain presbyteries do start ordaining admitted and practicing homosexuals, appeal can (and should) be made to the General Assembly. Despite the recommendation of the majority of the task force to keep the matter on the presbytery level, there appears to be no way, short of amending the denomination’s constitution, that appeal to the General Assembly’s permanent judicial commission could be averted.
When the issue comes to the floor of the annual meeting of the General Assembly this May in San Diego, it may adopt the recommendation of the majority of the task force, it may rule against the ordination of practicing homosexuals, or it may try to postpone the issue by appointing yet another commission to restudy the case or some similar strategem. We think that the issue is extremely important. Moreover, the opposing views are based upon just about all the information that can be expected to be accumulated. Therefore, the General Assembly ought to decide clearly one way or the other.
No case can be made from Scripture for endorsing the practice of homosexuality. Both the Old and the New Testaments witness against this kind of lifestyle. One might as well endorse heterosexual promiscuity. Is the ordination of admitted and practicing adulterers next on the agenda of some United Presbyterians?
Up to this point no other major denomination has accepted homosexuality as a valid and biblical lifestyle. If the United Presbyterians take this step it is likely that other prominent denominations would follow. We can think of no better way to guarantee division and the further erosion of any denomination.
Those Who Die in the Lord
Recently one of our editors attended a funeral; we share his reflections with our readers.
I went to a memorial service for the wife of a long-time friend who spent her last few years in a nursing home. My mind strayed from the service, traveling a different road in a mood of contemplation.
I thought of the soul of this sister, which had been caged in an infirm body; now it was free. It was temporarily unclothed that later it might be reclothed in an immortal body fit for an immortal soul. The new body would be deathless, disease-free, perfect in all of its parts, and in need of no repairs forever.
I thought of the closed eyes. They would see no more until that moment when they shall be opened to see the new world and behold the radiant faces of the saints of all ages. Then she would see also the saint of saints, the Lord Jesus, and his hands and feet that forever bear the marks of his passion.
Her lips were sealed and could speak no word of either praise or criticism. But they would later be unsealed and devoid of all defilement. No unkind word, no impure thought, no word of condemnation or of bitterness should be spoken or heard through the halls of houses or in the streets of the city.
The hands were folded; their work was done. But they shall be unfolded when spirit and body are rejoined and labor shall begin again. It will not be work for a lifetime but rather work for endless ages. Its purpose shall be the glory of the Redeemer and its recipients shall be the sons and daughters of the kingdom who shall then truly love their neighbors as they love themselves.
There was no way the corpse could rise and walk from the coffin to the streets of the city of man. But those feet would some day walk again in eternity. They would carry my sister along the streets of the heavenly city, which are paved with gold. They would carry her along the banks of that river of the water of life. They would never bring her to cathedral or tower or church; they would carry her to the throne of God before whom she would bow in adoration and praise to the Lamb that was slain for her salvation.
She had heard the summons that comes to those who love the Lord and she was no longer with us. Although dead, she seemed to be speaking. I heard her voice and was comforted, for she was echoing the words spoken to John long ago: “Blessed indeed are the dead who die in the Lord” (Rev. 14:13).
Song was born in Fujian province in 1901, the fourth son of a Methodist pastor. Eager to follow in his father’s footsteps, Song graduated from the local mission school and headed to the United States to study theology. Once there, however, he studied chemistry instead, eventually earning his PhD from Ohio State University in 1926. Shortly afterwards, he repented of his selfishness and endeavored to honor his original call by enrolling at Union Theological Seminary in New York. In 1927 Song reported having a dramatic “conversion experience” that compelled him to criticize the liberal theology of his professors. This was a troubled time for Song, resulting in a mental breakdown that saw him placed in an insane asylum. An American pastor intervened, and Song was allowed to return to China where he juggled teaching chemistry and Bible during the week with running evangelistic campaigns on the weekends. In 1931 Song accepted the invitation of Shi Meiyu (see above) and left all his other work to join the Bethel Worldwide Evangelistic Band. Sung was soon known throughout Asia as a fiery preacher whose dramatic behavior on stage and moving songs spoke directly to people’s hearts. For the next eight years, his message of judgment, repentance, and healing brought many people in China and throughout the Chinese diaspora to faith in Jesus. The persistent health problems that he claimed kept him humble eventually took his life in 1944.
7. Wang Laiquan (1835–1901) Hudson Taylor’s brother in ministry
A painter and interior decorator, Wang was baptized into missionary Hudson Taylor’s congregation in Ningbo in 1859. Wang agreed to help Taylor with his struggling hospital, working with the understanding that he would receive no salary but only “a share of whatever the Lord provided.” Wang joined Taylor when he returned to England in 1860 for medical reasons where he helped care for the Taylor children and assisted with the translation of the New Testament into the Ningbo dialect.
After returning to China, Wang began pastoring independent local churches on his own. With no salary from the CIM, Wang used his own money to open a country chapel and supervised a growing number of itinerant local evangelists, eventually becoming a superintendent pastor of a network of self-supported, self-governing churches in the Hangzhou area. Wang cooperated well with CIM expatriate missionaries and on at least one occasion sent money from his churches to support the work of CIM expatriate missionaries.
8. Wu Baoying (1897–1930) Medical missionary to western China
Born in in 1897 to a Christian family in the western China province of Gansu, Wu was one of the first Chinese medical missionaries in China, personally trained by second generation CIM missionary George King at the Borden Memorial Hospital in Lanzhou. Wu and his wife proved indispensable in the running of the hospital following the recall of all the expatriate missionaries from western China after the anti-Christian and anti-foreign violence of the 1927 Nanjing Incident. Wu and his brother also established a mission hospital in their hometown, where Wu was killed by Hui minority rebels during an ethnic uprising in 1928. His final words, as he died at the age of 33, were “The Lord is with us.”
9. Xi Shengmo (Pastor Hsi, 1835–1896) The Overcomer of Demons
The Confucian scholar Xi Zizhi became a Christian following a failed attempt to pass the provincial level exams in Taiyuan, Shanxi. As he exited the examination hall, he received several gospel tracts as well as a list of essay questions on general moral and religious topics devised by British missionaries Timothy Richard and David Hill as a means of opening gospel discussions with Chinese elites. Xi submitted several winning entries in the essay competition, and when he visited the missionaries to collect his monetary prize, Xi was asked by Hill to serve as his secretary and Chinese language tutor. Xi accepted and his new foreign friend soon helped him overcome his opium smoking habit.
Xi became a Christian, changed his name to Xi Shengmo (“Xi, the overcomer of demons”), and returned to his hometown to convert his traditional Chinese medical dispensary into a church and opium refuge for others seeking to overcome their addictions. He was the first indigenous pastor in Shanxi province, immortalized in Geraldine Taylor’s biography, Pastor Hsi: Confucian Scholar and Christian. Xi was fiery, and while he did at times get into conflict with foreign missionaries, a long string of CIM missionaries (including many of the famous Cambridge Seven) served effectively under his direction. His opium refuge played an important role in the early development of the indigenous Protestant church in Shanxi.
10. Yu Cidu (Dora Yu, 1873–1931) An independent revival preacher
Born a preacher’s daughter in the Hangzhou American Presbyterian Mission compound, Yu Cidu was trained as a medical worker. In 1897 she briefly joined an early cross-cultural mission outreach to Korea. In 1904 Yu gave up medicine for full-time ministry and began preaching at revivals across the country. Yu was one of the earliest preachers to cut financial support from the West, seeking to build up the indigenous Chinese church and completely “live by faith.” She later founded the Bible Study and Prayer House, (later the Jiangwan Bible School) in Shanghai, as well as a series of winter and summer Bible study classes, and trained many qualified preachers for the Chinese church. Many of those who became Christians through Yu’s evangelism efforts played important roles in the early 20th century Chinese church revival movement. After hearing her preach at a revival meeting in Fuzhou, Watchman Nee converted to Christianity and dedicated himself to serving God. In 1927 Yu was invited to be the main speaker at the Keswick Convention, the famous annual gathering of evangelical believers committed to spiritual holiness, unity, and global mission, where she implored Western Christians to stop sending missionaries with liberal theology to China.
Andrew T. Kaiser, PhD, has been living and working with his family in China since 1997. In addition to his various online contributions, Andrew is also the author of Voices from the Past: Historical Reflections on Christian Missions in China and The Rushing on of the Purposes of God: Christian Missions in Shanxi since 1876.
G. Wright Doyle is director of Global China Center, editor of the Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, editor of Builders of The Chinese Church: Pioneer Protestant Missionaries and Chinese Church Leaders, editor and translator of Wise Man from the East: Lit-sen Chang, and co-editor of the series Studies in Chinese Christianity.
