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The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments Monday in the "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" case, a free speech conflict that has caught the attention of religious litigators nationwide.

Morse v. Frederick is the high court's first student speech case in nearly 20 years, and comes at a time when school administrators and students regularly battle over religious activities in public schools.

The case concerns an Alaska high school student who displayed a banner reading "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" as the Olympic torch passed through his town in 2002. After he was suspended, the student, Joseph Frederick, now 23, said his banner was a "free speech experiment" that had no religious or political message.

At Monday's hearing, the Supreme Court justices jousted with the attorneys over how broadly the court should interpret case law.

Kenneth W. Starr, the school's attorney, argued, "To promote drugs is utterly inconsistent with the basic educational mission of the schools." The former independent prosecutor said he was not trying to "cast a pall of orthodoxy" on the schools. "We are light years away from that," he said. The fundamental issue here, he argued, is the promotion of drugs, and administrators must be allowed to suppress pro-drug messages.

Under current law, schools are allowed to squelch speech that causes a significant disruption, is vulgar or offensive, or is perceived to be sponsored by the school, such as a school newspaper.

Justice Antonin Scalia said it is possible that any speech opposing a school's anti-drug message is "disruptive."

"The school is trying to teach one point of view," said Scalia. "It can allow students to come in and undermine what it's trying to teach?"

While a 1969 court ruling said students' rights do not end "at the schoolhouse gates," Chief Justice John Roberts said that doesn't necessarily make the school an "open forum."

"Can't the school decide … to have a viewpoint on drug use? That it's opposed to it and so that it takes a particular view with respect to signs that in their view seem to encourage drug use?"

However, several justices seemed apprehensive of allowing schools to muffle all speech that questions their "educational mission."

"That's a very disturbing argument," said Justice Samuel Alito. "Schools have and they can defined their educational mission so broadly that they can suppress all sorts of political speech."

Justice David Souter said: "If someone holds up a sign that says 'Change the Marijuana Laws,' why is that disruptive? … It's political speech, it seems to me."

Even Starr said allowing schools to ban speech that promotes illegal activity could be problematic, raising "interesting potential hypothetical questions" about the civil disobedience modeled by the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and conscientious objectors, for example.

Justice Stephen Breyer said the case poses a legal dilemma. On one side is a principal trying to run a school full of students who test authority. "It's pretty hard to run a school where kids go around at public events publicly making a joke out of drugs," he noted. But a ruling against the student "may really limit people's rights on free speech," he said. "That's what I'm struggling with."

A number of Christian legal heavy hitters, including Alliance Defense Fund, the Christian Legal Society and the American Center for Law and Justice, supported the student with friend-of-the-court briefs, though lawyers for the groups they disdain the speech in question.

"It's disrespectful to God and disrespectful to believers," said Kevin Theriot, an attorney for Alliance Defense Fund, a conservative Christian legal network based in Arizona.

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March (Web-only) 2007, Vol. 51

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