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The Will of God Is a Place

What was lost to war, God reclaimed in welcome. These portraits of Christian refugees tell the story.

A photo of a sky filled with birds.
Photo by Esther Havens

Farming has been in my blood for seven generations. For seven generations I have been rooted to land and place.

Trace our worn family line back as far as you can, and you find we are a people of place-makers who work the earth, grounded in a place by the roots of our plants. We’re as common as dirt. It’s our ground that grounds us.

Walter Brueggemann and others have noted that adam—the Hebrew word for man—shares its root with adamah, the word for ground. We’re not just from the earth. We’re of it. Place isn’t just where we live—it’s part of who we are.

This spring, I sat in a home in Romania that belongs to a young Russian man, Damir, and his wife, Larianna, who’s the daughter of a Ukrainian and a West African. Their children’s paintings dance across the walls, welcoming us. Larianna has just pulled a loaf of apple bread out of the oven. She sets it on a trivet on the corner of her table, beside a stack of plates.

“My father was from Guinea,” she says. “He came to Ukraine to study at university, way back when Ukraine was still part of the Soviet Union, and he fell in love with my mother; she’s Ukrainian.” Larianna cuts generous slices of the steaming bread and plates them before us. “My father’s black and my mother’s white. But because it was the Soviet Union then, it was not allowed for her to get married to an African.”

I listen—seated beside a Russian man in Romania and eating his Ukrainian wife’s apple bread—and taste the words that Jesus spoke: “I was a stranger and you welcomed me” (Matt. 25:35, throughout).

“As we were fleeing Ukraine,” Damir says before pausing to take another bite, “a Romanian border guard saw my Russian passport and asked a lot of questions: ‘Where are you going?’ ”

I wonder: Where do you go when the very dust from which you’ve come quakes beneath incoming tanks and exploding bombs? When the roof meant to shelter your children becomes a target on some war-monster’s radar screen?

“No one leaves home unless / home is the mouth of a shark,” wrote Somali British poet Warsan Shire. Where do you go when the soil on which you were birthed won’t give you the right paperwork and the fury of hades breaks loose?

I know where we as farmers go in spring, generation upon generation. We go out to the fields. We till the earth. And we plant seeds that break open deep down in the earth, seeds to unfurl and grow roots and reach for the sun.

For Brueggemann, the land was a potent symbol of life and fertility for the ancient people of Israel. What happens to a plant that’s pulled out by its roots?

Refugees living in Romania.Photo by Esther Havens
Damir Nurgaleev and Larianna Nurgaleeva sit with their children in the living room of their current home in Romania.

It’s mid-morning, also in early spring, just before the wheat grows green in our fields, when I meet Viktor, his wife, Iryna, and their teenage son—a Ukrainian family—who gave up their place in Moldova to help those fleeing their homeland in the days
right after the Russian invasion.

“​​We were missionaries, serving in Moldova,” Viktor says. “But because my wife speaks both Ukrainian and Romanian, when the war started we went to the Ukrainian-Romanian border to help with coordinating, to help Ukrainians meet with Romanians to find safe places. We didn’t expect to actually leave Moldova, or to end up in Romania, but God opened the door for us. We gave up our place in Moldova. There was a need.”

 I look across the table into his wife’s eyes. She had a safe place of her own—far from sirens, falling bombs, the trauma of war. Why give that up just to help others searching for a safe place to breathe and exist on this planet?

“At first, we stayed with about 20 other Ukrainians in a Romanian horse barn. They didn’t know how to speak Romanian or what to do or where to go for help. We help them find their way …” Viktor’s voice trails off.

“Eventually we had to manage the bills. Electricity, utilities, rent, everything … though we had our own place back in Moldova.” Iryna speaks slowly, emotion welling. “It is very hard. Every month, we have almost nothing left.

“We could go back. But we believe God puts us in a place. And we see that … there is a need for us to be here. Yeah, it’s not easy. But …” She brushes back tears.

I nod, feeling the ache and sacrifice of her words, the testament and witness of their lives. They are dying to self because others are dying to live. 
“The will of God—that is the place for us,” Victor says softly. “His will is where we live.”

What if the will of God is a place we choose to inhabit too? “God, people, and place cannot be separated,” John Inge wrote in A Christian Theology of Place. The places we live aren’t merely geographical but are relational too. What if we eschewed comfort to be the comfort of Christ? I’ve seen this too as one farmer in a long line of farmers: “Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit” (John 12:24).

In the summer of 2017, I walked down roads in Iraq, the land of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where the world’s first known farmers grew the earliest strains of wheat. Every year, as they have for hundreds of years, these floodplains deposited nutrient-rich, alluvial soil, creating some of the most fertile dirt in the ancient world.

I walked with Joseph, a 23-year-old Iraqi man, through the rubble left by ISIS where his hometown once stood. On the morning of his 22nd birthday, he woke to his mother singing as she prepared a feast for his birthday dinner. Before she set the plates out, ISIS invaded. I stopped in the middle of the war-wrecked street and quietly asked Joseph, a young man who’d once gone to church every Sunday, how he feels about God.

Joseph’s eyes didn’t leave mine. “I don’t … feel anything about God. I don’t … believe. I used to, before all of this.” He waved his hand like he could brush away the misery that surrounded him. “But now I think, There is no God. There is no God who cares about us.

Then Joseph leaned in, inches from my face, and asked me a question that cut me right to the quick. “Am I wrong?”

I could feel his pain burning in my chest. When love is mostly self-seeking, do people mostly miss seeing the face of God?

Is God only more clearly seen in the world when we seek out and speak out and sacrifice for the interests of others in the world? Is this what it looks like to place myself in the generations of God’s will?

photos of ukranian christian missionaries now living in Romania.Photo by Esther Havens
Viktor Ihnatiev and his wife, Iryna Ihnatieva, are Ukrainian missionaries now living in Romania.

“Somebody always wants more” is what Kamila, a young Ukrainian woman who fled with her family to Romania last spring, tells me before we walk across a city square, a flock of pigeons taking flight. “More power, more money, more control, more, more, more. But most people, they just want a normal life. Peaceful. But we end up going through all the difficulties, experience all the horrible things—because someone wants more.”

I see in Kamila’s young eyes what I saw in Joseph’s that day in Iraq.

But Joseph had stepped closer and I’d felt his wild, hurting breath on my face as he spoke. “The world doesn’t consider me even human,” he said. “You can get on a plane and fly back to your nice little island of safe. But me—I’m left in this place to exist as nonhuman—and there’s no one, no United Nations, no united people, no united front—no one who cares how I exist, where I exist, or even if I exist.”

Is the church still a place of fertile soil? A place where every believer becomes a seed—rooted in Christ, dying to self, and producing a harvest that sustains the fleeing travelers who crave the smallest place
of peace?

My father, my father’s father, and his father before him all taught the next generation an important truth: Farmers can have faith that the soil under our feet is fertile with abundance, even enough to share.

“I’m Russian,” Damir says with his Russian passport in one hand and sweet apple bread in the other. “But I’m not only a Russian citizen; I’m also a Ukrainian refugee. I have Ukrainian kids. I have a Ukrainian wife. And I’m living here in Romania, serving in ministry, helping Ukrainian refugees grow closer to God.” He tastes the last of his bread.

“And honestly,” Damir speaks softly, leaning in, “my citizenship is not Russian, not Ukrainian, not Romanian. My citizenship is heaven.
I have heaven.”

I finish the last of my apple bread too. And taste conviction. What does it profit a person to hold citizenship in the best of lands yet care little about the plight of image bearers of God in other lands—and so end up profaning your own citizenship in heaven?

Doesn’t the way we respond to those in need of a safe place reveal what kind of place our souls truly are? Do we desecrate a place when we dehumanize a person?  

Photo of Ukrainian refugee living in Romania.Photo by Esther Havens
Kamila Polianska, a Ukrainian refugee living in Romania

This is the reality before each of us: The passport every single person carries is the image of God, which means every person comes from a place that warrants dignity. Then immigration is more than a mere political debate—it’s ultimately about a person’s dignity.

Jesus, too, migrated—from heaven’s heights to the human race.

Jesus, too, fled with family, from an unsafe place to Egypt.

Jesus, too, knew what it was to be uprooted and suffer injustice.

And it’s Jesus, too—the refugee—who is seen in the face of every refugee.

Larianna reaches across the table, offering another slice of her warm apple bread.

“Everybody wants to have a stable life. A lovely pillow, a lovely everything. But for your soul to grow? Your faith to grow? You sometimes need to lose something.” Larianna leans forward and repeats herself, to make sure I understand: “To grow your belief, you may need to lose something.

Live all of your life in one house and never lose anything? It’s hard to grow your faith. Because you always have your stable life.”

Her voice is soft, but something hard in me is breaking open.

“But if you lose things … if you lose everything … your faith grows and God becomes everything.” Larianna nods, her eyes holding mine. “It doesn’t matter if you’re with food, without food, with roof, without roof. What matters is that you have heaven, that you have God. This is the only way to happiness.”

Have I forgotten that, in the upside-down kingdom of God, you have to experience loss to grow?

This year, like the last, the wheat grew tall across our farm—this place of dirt and sky and sheep and seed that I call home. Each ripe head bowed humbly down. After the harvest, I walked the dirt fields, knelt down, and gathered into my open palm a seed or two that had fallen to the earth.

To be human is to come from humus, from the earth, from the land. And to belong to Christ is to be all at once a sojourner, a safe place, and a surrendered seed in a strange soil that breaks open and lets go. To grow and harvest abundantly more.

This is what my father told me. It’s what we tell our children, the next generation of farmers in this place, on this land: When you plant a kernel of wheat in the ground, its first growth is always downward, not upward, the seed sending out an embryonic root, called a radicle, pressing lower into the soil.

Growth always begins in this radical downward mobility—this place of letting go, going lower into the wide expanse of the upside-down kingdom of God.

Ann Voskamp is a New York Times best-selling author and farmer based in Canada. Her most recent book is Loved to Life.

Esther Havens is a humanitarian photographer and storyteller based in Dallas.

Books
Review

The Urban Church’s Junior Partners

A Chicago pastor encourages inner-city churches to see their youth as potential leaders.

An illustration showing the silhouette of a basketball hoop against a sky filled with flying birds.
Illustration by Raven Jiang

As a kid, I thought I was just curious—like any other kid. But the grown-ups called it being nosy. More often than I can recount, I would hear the words “Go sit down somewhere and stop talking while grown folks are talking. This is grown folks’ business.” They had important things to discuss and decide, and I was in the way.

In Don’t Despise Our Youth: Renewing Hope for Urban Youth Ministry, David A. Washington, a pastor in Chicago’s South Side, addresses inner-city churches like his own. These churches, he argues, have neglected to invest in youth ministry and failed to engage young people as potential leaders and disciple makers.

Such neglect communicates that church ministry is “grown folks’ business,” to the detriment of reaching, discipling, and deploying youth as urban missionaries. Washington spells out some of the consequences: Urban churches will reach fewer outsiders for Christ, their own youth will struggle to belong, and their youth ministers will feel undervalued, causing some to leave ministry for good.

Because of these factors, Washington argues, the urban church in America is at a crisis point. As he notes, inner-city youth often grow up in communities beset by violence, poverty, drug abuse, and gang warfare. Traditional youth-ministry resources are not contextualized for the challenges of urban life, leaving youth leaders with few resources to help them navigate the needs, challenges, and opportunities of gospel ministry there.

One striking feature of Don’t Despise Our Youth is how Washington’s own life bears out its message. His story testifies to the dramatic difference youth ministry can make in even the most challenging contexts. Clearly, Washington’s philosophy of ministry flows from direct experience, not idle musings drawn up in a bookshelf-lined study.

That philosophy draws special inspiration from the ministry of Salem Baptist Church of Chicago, which helped rescue him from a downward spiral into teenage violence. At age 17, Washington was a gang leader plotting a retaliatory hit on a rival group. On his way to help execute the attack, he encountered Harvey Carey, Salem’s youth pastor at the time. The pastor introduced himself and asked Washington for his name, which he reluctantly gave. Three months later, Carey saw him again on the street and called his name, displaying the kind of intentionality, consistency, and love necessary for faithful youth ministry.

These encounters set the stage for God to draw Washington to Christ through Salem’s ministry. “I was greatly valued,” he recalls, “by a pastor who focused not on what I had become in the world but on what I had the potential to become in the kingdom of God.”

In urban ministry, one often encounters hardened people entangled in seemingly hopeless situations. The landscape can call to mind the valley of dry bones God showed to Ezekiel (37:1–14). Yet Washington’s journey confirms that God can make dead things alive. He can bind up people and places crushed by unrighteousness and injustice.

One of Washington’s central arguments is that vibrant ministry to young people involves “youth doing ministry” rather than merely adults ministering to youth. For some, this distinction might seem like semantics, but the difference is significant. Rather than seeing a church’s youth as passive recipients of ministry formation, Washington hopes they will contribute to the church’s life and mission, even at a tender age.

As Washington argues, simply having a youth ministry doesn’t guarantee that a church is effectively raising youth to spiritual maturity and thereby multiplying disciple makers. On top of that, youth ministries often grow overly isolated from adult congregations and senior pastors. In such situations, teenagers can struggle to find meaningful places in a church’s life and ministry.

To help turn the tide, Washington calls urban churches to a focused ministry of the Word, in which habits of evangelism and discipleship transform young people into active participants in the church’s mission. Even while they are still being discipled, he argues, they can join in the work of “soul fishing.”

Washington writes, “Until we understand the power available through the lives of mature and discipled teenagers in our churches, we will continue to miss out on incredible opportunities to do greater works for God.” For pastors like me, this means remembering to equip our youth as we consider our broader responsibility to equip the saints for the work of ministry (Eph. 4:12). It means valuing them as vital participants in the work of building up the church to maturity in Christ as well as calling other youth from darkness to light.

Building this kind of ministry involves finding and retaining youth pastors whose gifts, calling, and passions are aligned and who intend to stick around for the long haul. The youth-ministry grind can be difficult to sustain. When leaders receive inadequate investment and support from their churches, they can feel tempted to quit or to seek positions higher up the leadership ladder. While Washington calls youth ministers to deep commitment, he also encourages partnership efforts by parents and other church members as well as consistent, public support from senior pastors.

This is all worthy counsel. Still, I believe the book could have done more to emphasize the church’s role in caring for the souls of youth pastors themselves. Seeking lost teenagers in hard places exposes the soul to mountains of grief, as anyone involved in urban ministry knows well. You might lose a kid to gun violence or the criminal justice system. You might witness once-faithful kids succumbing to neighborhood pressure.

These are painful experiences. One way the church can keep youth pastors from wearing down is making sure they can access resources, such as counseling, that help them persevere through tears.

This oversight notwithstanding, Don’t Despise Our Youth meets a critical need for the urban church. It provides inspiration, powerful testimony, and helpful suggestions for inner-city churches looking to tailor their youth ministries to inner-city realities.

Washington deserves credit for treating youth ministry as something more than grown folks’ business. In fact, grown folks’ business isn’t complete without training young folks to be about their Father’s business, for the good of our cities and the glory of his name.

Brian Key is pastor for discipleship at Imago Dei Church in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Books
Review

A Ukrainian Seminary’s Resilience

Russian troops destroyed its buildings but not its mission.

An illustration showing an empty chair set before an open field.
Illustration by Raven Jiang

During my time as a college history professor, I taught a required course on Western civilization. Like many faculty peers, I tried different ways to motivate business and premed majors to take it seriously.

One common method was beginning the semester with C. S. Lewis’s classic essay “Learning in War-Time.” This essay (also the subject of Mark Meynell’s January/February article “War Changes Everything—And Nothing”) eloquently advocates maintaining a commitment to the life of the mind amid adverse circumstances. Professors often stretch the “wartime” metaphor to fit any stressful situation—a global pandemic, political turmoil, or a losing football season.

But what is learning like when the war isn’t metaphorical? In Serving God Under Siege: How War Transformed a Ukrainian Community, Valentyn Syniy details his experiences in leading a Christian academic institution in literal wartime conditions.

My own current work conditions, as the director of a Christian learning community on a public university campus, are admittedly far less challenging. But Syniy’s account offers worthy insights for anyone engaged in the work of higher education.

Syniy is the president of Tavriski Christian Institute (TCI), an evangelical seminary in the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson, near the Crimean Peninsula. In 1996, several pastors there desired to create a regional Bible college for ministers. They reached out to Glen Elliott, a missionary from the United States. Several Christian colleges in the US became involved, resulting in the creation of TCI. The school purchased land along the Dnieper River and began constructing buildings in 2003. Two years later, Syniy signed on as rector.

Yet Russia’s 2022 invasion upended life for TCI’s students, teachers, and staff. As the Russian army attacked and occupied Kherson, Syniy and his family fled the city, along with many TCI students and staff. They traveled over 500 miles to a safer location in the western Ukrainian city of Ivano-Frankivsk.

Interestingly, however, TCI’s history plays only a minor role in the narrative. In fact, readers learn about the school’s founding only toward the end.

Instead, Syniy focuses on how the TCI community pursued other forms of Christian service. They coordinated the evacuation of refugees from Kherson and Kyiv, Ukraine’s capital. They started a coffee shop ministry to local youth patterned after a similar effort in Kherson. Syniy raised humanitarian funds from Dutch and US sources for communities impacted by the war.

Meanwhile, Syniy and his students worked to maintain some semblance of normal life. In the book, he describes celebrating his daughter’s wedding, speaking at a pastor’s retreat, and going on long walks with his dog Sherri.

Yet certain aspects of prewar life did not survive the Russian invasion. One casualty, it seems, was any sense of unity between Russian and Ukrainian Christians.

TCI had received its accreditation from the Euro-Asia Accrediting Association (EAAA), which included many Russian and former Soviet institutions. In March 2022, Ukrainian seminaries held a conference called The Russia-Ukraine War: Evangelical Voices, an appeal to help resist Russian aggression. Presenters, including Syniy, decried notions of “Russian Order” used to justify the war, and they called on Russian Christians to join them in condemning it.

Three months later, the EAAA organized a Zoom conference that included seminary leaders from Asia, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia. Syniy attended while sitting at a military checkpoint on his way back to Kherson to evacuate refugees. In the book, he recalls his rising anger as a Russian seminarian pleaded for Christian unity and expressed skepticism about reports of Ukrainian suffering:

Here he was, sitting in a warm, cozy study with books behind him, drinking coffee from his porcelain cup, while hundreds of people around me had no clean drinking water.

The inability of Russian Christians to condemn their country’s actions led Ukrainian seminaries to withdraw from the organization. “We found ourselves in two different worlds,” Syniy writes. “We had no choice but to separate.”

The war’s polarizing effects also seem to hamper Syniy’s own ability to rise above geopolitical divides and see Russians as individuals. His narrative refers to Russians as “unrighteous people,” and he concludes it by condemning “the ruthless and bloodthirsty empire that is trying to steal home from every Ukrainian.”

More than anything, Syniy’s story captures the difficulty of education in wartime. Distraction and danger interfere, of course, with pondering lofty ideas. But more fundamentally, they interfere with the practical matter of congregating in a single space.

In August 2022, still exiled from its campus in Kherson, TCI tried starting a new academic year. The school rented a facility in Ivano-Frankivsk, a former hostel for students from India. Makeshift classrooms emerged from bare, white-walled spaces, and a small room on the second floor of a nearby church became the library.

Despite such meager facilities, TCI enrolled several dozen students in a pastor’s licensing program, and another 80 students took classes online. Meanwhile, Ukrainian forces made progress in and around Kherson. Syniy received sad news, however, on the eve of the fall semester in Ivano-Frankivsk: Russian troops had looted the Kherson campus and destroyed three of its buildings.

In November, Syniy and his wife were visiting US churches when he learned that Ukrainian forces had liberated Kherson. Yet two weeks later, his joy over the city’s rescue turned to sorrow when he visited the now-devastated TCI campus. He writes,

I remembered how we had dreamed of having a library built, how carefully we had selected books to fill it, and now everything of value to us was burned inside, scattered around, or taken away by the occupiers.

Syniy cut his tour short, fearing Russian snipers. As he recalls, “I had never felt such a dense and overhanging silence over an empty campus.”

Serving God Under Siege is an engaging window into a community of Christians upended by circumstances beyond their control. Written early in a war that still rages, the story has no certain outcome.

Perhaps TCI will rebuild and flourish in the future. But in the meantime, the school is committed to adapting as best it can amid the hardships of war. “We must fulfill our mission regardless of where we live or what resources we have,” Syniy concludes. “But I’ll tell you honestly, without infrastructure it is a much tougher challenge!”

Rick Ostrander is executive director of the Michigan Christian Study Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He is the author of Academically Speaking: Lessons from a Life in Christian Higher Education.

Books
Review

The Rise and Fall of the ‘Evangelical Vatican’

Why Colorado Springs no longer shapes evangelicalism as it once did.

An illustration showing a shattered window with a bird flying free in the distance.”
Illustration by Raven Jiang

Colorado Springs, Colorado, was the center of American evangelicalism in the second half of the 20th century. Ministries relocated to a place whose government and chamber of commerce welcomed them. Megachurches built huge worship centers. Parachurch workers evangelized Air Force Academy cadets with the support of their officers. The confluence of economic, military, and spiritual power turned a small city just east of the Rockies from the “little Wheaton of the West” into an “evangelical Vatican.”

Or into Jesus Springs, as William J. Schultz puts it in his new book, subtitled “Evangelical Capitalism and the Fate of an American City.” Schultz, a historian at the University of Chicago Divinity School, has written a nuanced portrait of evangelical ministries and political aspirations after World War II. In the book, he argues that the “early Cold War was the pivotal moment in the emergence of modern American evangelicalism,” using the trajectory of Colorado Springs as a case study.

Any scholar who writes about evangelicalism faces a definitional challenge. How does one describe a diffuse group of people who don’t always call themselves evangelical? Is theology at the heart of this movement? Or is it some blend, in Schultz’s words, of “white supremacy, conservative politics, and consumer capitalism”?

Schultz smartly cuts through these debates. “Neo-evangelicals” such as Billy Graham, he writes, “sought to Christianize the United States by converting as many people as possible and by securing recognition of Christianity as the dominant force in American culture.” Evangelicals who headquartered their ministries in Colorado Springs—figures like Young Life’s Jim Rayburn, Dawson Trotman of the Navigators, and perhaps most prominently, James Dobson of Focus on the Family—didn’t perceive any conflict between the work of saving souls and efforts at “Christianizing” the nation.

To Schultz’s credit, though, he underscores the centrality of evangelism rather than the nationalistic ends. Trotman and Rayburn, like Billy Graham, were first and foremost evangelists who sought to share Jesus Christ with as many people as possible. Young Life’s goal, as Schultz frames it, was presenting the gospel in “the most attractive and winsome way possible.” It and other parachurch ministries cultivated star athletes, sorority leaders, and soldiers, hoping such high-profile figures would in turn bring others to Christ. Trotman, clad in a leather jacket, rode motorcycles through the streets of 1950s Colorado Springs.

Stodgier Protestants pointed out that Jesus didn’t recruit the cool kids; nevertheless, conservative Protestants still bankrolled these and similar ministries with their promises to save the next generation of Americans. And so Colorado Springs became their base of operations. Young Life acquired Star Ranch, just south of the city, and the Navigators purchased Glen Eyrie, a Tudor-style mansion built by a railroad magnate.

Scores of other ministries followed, in part because the city’s business leaders rolled out a welcome mat. As Schultz notes, the chamber of commerce “plied evangelical organizations with promises of cheap land and cheap labor.” He profiles Alice Worrell, hired by city boosters in 1984 to recruit businesses. Worrell was the devout daughter of missionaries, and she knew what evangelical ministries wanted. “Most people I talk to are trying to escape liberalism,” she explained. By this, Schultz elaborates, she meant not just a political bent but also “a whole host of social ills, most of them associated with big cities.”

Worrell enlisted leaders of Young Life and the Navigators in a successful campaign to bring the Christian and Missionary Alliance denominational headquarters to Colorado Springs. But the city’s biggest evangelical triumph was convincing Focus on the Family to relocate from Southern California. The arrival of Focus and the rising profile of Ted Haggard, pastor of New Life Church, cemented the city’s evangelical reputation.

Not all the evangelical newcomers took the same gospel-centered, largely apolitical approach as Rayburn and Trotman. Robert LeFevre, a staunch libertarian and believer in the prosperity gospel, founded the Freedom School, which had a close association with the right-wing John Birch Society and at least tolerated segregation. One local pastor, David Skipworth, criticized a public school course on mythology as satanic paganism. The city’s leading evangelical lights didn’t want to disrupt warm relations with civic and business leaders and accordingly kept extremists like LeFevre and Skipworth at arm’s length.

By the early 1990s, an era of relative moral consensus was fraying, both locally and nationally. Campaigns for gay rights had stoked evangelical anxiety across the country, and several Colorado municipalities passed ordinances banning discrimination against individuals based on sexual orientation. Colorado Springs evangelicals were prominent among the conservative activists who mobilized a successful campaign to overturn such laws through a state constitutional amendment. Its 1992 passage emboldened evangelicals across the country who hoped to replicate the effort.

Success, however, came at a steep cost. “Many people,” Schultz observes, “blamed Colorado Springs and its evangelical population for imposing its morality on the rest of the state.” Some progressive denunciations were unfair, but evangelicals did themselves no favors by occasionally portraying their opponents as evil and satanic. The city’s business leaders fretted about the negative publicity. The consensus that had brought together evangelicals, civic leaders, and the US military shattered. In 1999, the aptly named incumbent mayor, Mary Lou Makepeace, a moderate on gay rights, defeated a challenger backed by conservatives.

The close relationship between the Air Force Academy and evangelical Christianity also came under fire. The chapel had incorporated separate spaces for Catholic and Jewish cadets, but Protestant Christianity, and evangelicalism in particular, achieved something akin to an unofficial establishment at the academy.

The city’s megachurches and parachurch ministries took every opportunity to evangelize and disciple cadets. The academy’s leadership did its part as well. General Johnny Weida, commandant of cadets, encouraged cadets to participate in the National Day of Prayer and in evangelism. Football coach Fisher DeBerry hung a banner in the team’s locker room that declared, “I am a member of Team Jesus Christ.”

By the early 2000s, the cozy relationship between evangelical Christianity and the Air Force Academy generated complaints and congressional investigations. There was plenty of evidence that nonevangelical cadets chafed at institutional support for evangelical religiosity. Evangelicals countered that their opponents sought to limit their free exercise of religion. The conflict symbolized the crumbling of a once durable consensus.

Another symbol of Colorado Springs’ evangelicalism collapsed in 2006. New Life Church’s Haggard had distinguished himself as one of the country’s most prominent and winsome young evangelical leaders. He was far more reticent about political activism than many of his Colorado Springs counterparts, but he lent strong support to a 2006 state constitutional amendment defining marriage as between one man and one woman. At the same time, however, he had been having sex with a male escort, who also helped him acquire crystal meth. Two days after Colorado voters overwhelmingly approved the proposed amendment, Haggard resigned his position at New Life.

In closing, Schultz uses the historical trajectory of Colorado Springs to illuminate how evangelicalism has changed from the 1950s to today. Men like Jim Rayburn, Dawson Trotman, and Billy Graham, he writes, “worked in an era when they could feel, with some justification, that they were speaking to a Christian population who simply needed to be recalled to their evangelical heritage.” They were confident that they could achieve this goal through “persuasion rather than force.”

But that consensus, says Schultz, is long gone. As he describes it, “We now live in an era of democratic backsliding, cultural progressivism, and widespread secularization.” In response, he finds, newer generations of evangelicals have become more strident, more authoritarian, and more wedded to the Republican Party. There are still many evangelical ministries in Colorado Springs, but some have moved elsewhere in search of cheaper land and new beginnings.

As Schultz comments, “The parachurch ministries that made Colorado Springs into ‘Jesus Springs’ are certainly not irrelevant to American evangelicalism,” and they “retain the loyalty of many Christians.” But the cultural ground has shifted underneath their feet. According to the Pew Research Center, Americans now hold negative views of evangelical Christians in higher percentages than of any other religious group.

Over time, Schultz concludes, this new era will “produce its own version of evangelicalism,” although the outcome “remains to be seen.” Hopefully, however, we won’t be too eager to discard the legacy of Rayburn, Trotman, and Graham. Like many of today’s evangelical leaders, they faced criticism for alleged theological shallowness, unabashed patriotism, and forays into politics. But they undoubtedly succeeded at making evangelical Christianity attractive to large numbers of Americans. Stridency might win attention and notoriety, but winsomeness isn’t the worst starting point for winning people to Christ.

John G. Turner is professor of religious studies and history at George Mason University. His latest book is Joseph Smith: The Rise and Fall of an American Prophet.

Culture

The Anteroom of Christmas

Advent makes room for us so we can make room for Christ.

A special table beautifully set for dinner.
Illustration by Silvia Reginato

The centuries of yearning behind the fulfillment of our Lord’s appearance have myriad small incarnations in the hearts of his people. We’re all waiting on something. Waiting for God to fix a problem. Waiting for him to give us the longing of our hearts. Waiting to see him face to face. It’s tempting to let the season underscore what we still don’t have, even though another year has rolled around. But how much richer it is, I am learning, to embrace the stark solemnity of the great universal waiting for the Messiah and to find a parable of it in my own desires.

The expectancy of Advent throws a reflected light over the waiting days of our lives. “All my desire is before thee,” we whisper (Ps. 38:9, KJV). Both behind and before us, a multitude sends up an echo that has not been silenced since God first taught people to hope in his coming to the human race—and to each of us in the intimacy of our need.

Christmas is a joyous season, but it can also be a difficult one. If we’re honest, many of us embark upon the holidays with conflicting emotions: We are grateful and we are begrudging; we have much to anticipate and we have much to do. We ought to be excited, we tell ourselves, rejoicing in our coming King. But, in reality, we are exhausted, spent with the effort of managing life in an increasingly complex world. The very thought of squeezing all of that extra cooking, cleaning, shopping, wrapping, decorating, and socializing into our already crowded lives makes some of us want to hyperventilate.

Conversely, some of you may long for the bustle of a family or a community to care for, while others still might be grieving, navigating a shadowland against which the fanfare of the holidays stands out like an insult to your loss. Loneliness, deferred hopes, disappointment, bereavement—Christmas, for all its imagined or remembered joys, can only make things worse.

If you fall into any of these categories—and I imagine that each of us can identify with at least one of them from time to time—I have very good news: Advent is the place for you. Advent is where the “now” of God’s active and present love for us meets the “not yet” of our unfulfilled longings, and it is specifically set apart for the wounded and the waiting, the weary and the jaded. Historically, this has been a season of soul-searching devotion, a “little Lent” to prepare our hearts for the astonishing gift of God-with-us. But it is also a time to reverently affirm that all is not as it should be or indeed as it will be.

The story does not end with the Incarnation or even the Resurrection. All creation yearns toward the second coming of Jesus.

Beyond the bright sadness of Advent beams the fulfilled promise of Christmas and the future hope of perfect joy. And while Christmas is a feast in both the sacred and the temporal sense, Advent can be something of a fast, helping us identify excesses and nonessentials in our lives. The gift of this season is space, not to fill but to receive. There is permission here, in this anteroom of Christmas, to choose presence over productivity and quality over quantity. We may have myriad burdens and responsibilities, but Advent clears our heads, inviting us to work—and to live—from a place of sufficiency and peace. Advent makes room for us so that we, in turn, can make room for Christ.

And so, my prayer for you amid all the much ado of this season is that you would find a resting place in God’s unconditional love. May you have the freedom to celebrate a truth that transcends your circumstances and the courage to set aside any trappings that do not serve your relationships. May you keep Christmas in a way that embodies what you believe. Above all, may you lift your heads with the freshened hope that has comforted Christians for centuries: Even so, come, Lord Jesus.

Lanier Ivester is the author of Glad & Golden Hours: A Companion for Advent & Christmastide. She maintains a small farm with her husband.


While it’s lovely to plan and prepare special meals this time of year, keep in mind that some of the most memorable hospitality can also be the most spontaneous. With a few quick recipes in your arsenal and ingredients in your pantry, an unexpected visitor will feel like a cherished guest. Which is, after all, what hospitality is all about.

Cardamom Hot Chocolate

Cardamom pods can be found at Indian grocery stores or purchased online from bulk spice dealers. If you can’t find the dried pods, you can substitute up to 1 teaspoon of ground cardamom, whisking it well into the milk as it simmers. This chocolate is very rich, which is why I serve it in small “demitasse” (literally, “half cup”) teacups.

Serves 6

12 dried cardamom pods
4 cups milk
5 ounces bittersweet chocolate, chopped
4 ounces semisweet chocolate, chopped
1 cup heavy cream
2 tablespoons packed brown sugar,
plus more to taste
2 teaspoons Madagascar bourbon vanilla

Crush the cardamom pods with the butt of a knife and combine with the milk in a medium-sized saucepan. Heat cardamom and milk over low heat and simmer, without boiling, for 10 minutes. Add chocolate, heavy cream, and brown sugar, whisking until the chocolate has completely melted and the mixture is hot. Remove from heat and lift out the cardamom pods with a slotted spoon. Add more sugar to taste, if needed, and stir in vanilla. Serve immediately.

Tapenade Crostini

Tapenade is a briny Provençal spread traditionally made of olives, capers, olive oil, and lemon juice. For this recipe, a good-quality jarred version combined with goat cheese and fresh thyme creates an effortless two-bite appetizer. The crostini toasts can be made up to one week ahead and stored at room temperature in a sealable plastic bag.

Serves 12

1–2 baguettes (8–10 ounces total) sliced ¼ inch thick (48 slices)
¾ cup olive oil
Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
¾ cup jarred green- or black-olive spread
3 tablespoons fresh thyme leaves,
plus tips for garnish (or 1 teaspoon dried thyme)
5 tablespoons finely chopped walnuts
¼ cup dried currants
1 small log goat cheese (4–5 ounces), softened

Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Arrange the baguette slices on two large, parchment-lined rimmed baking sheets. Using a pastry brush, brush both sides of each slice with oil and season with salt and pepper. Bake until golden, 15–20 minutes, rotating the pans halfway through. Allow to cool on baking sheets. In a small bowl, combine the olive spread, thyme leaves, walnuts, and currants. Spread 1–2 tablespoons of goat cheese onto each crostini and top with 1–2 teaspoons olive mixture. Garnish with thyme tips (or sprinkle lightly with additional dried thyme) and serve immediately.


Essay and recipes adapted from Glad & Golden Hours: A Companion for Advent & Christmastide (Rabbit Room Press, 2024); and from The Glad & Golden Hours Kitchen Companion (Rabbit Room Press, 2025).

News

Immigrants Welcome in Thomas Kinkade Paintings

And other news from Christians around the world.

A digital collage showing government soldiers, the American flag, and fragments of a painting.
Illustration by Blake Cale

The family foundation of the late Thomas Kinkade demanded that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stop posting his art on social media. According to the family, the government agency misused “Morning Pledge”—which depicts children holding hands to hearts as an American flag is raised—“to promote division and xenophobia.” DHS posted the image on X with the message “Protect the Homeland.” The rest of the government agency’s social media feed was filled with posts cheering the mass deportation of immigrants. Kinkade, the self-branded “painter of light” whose art has been frequently criticized as sentimental, originally said he wanted “Morning Pledge” to capture the promise of liberty and justice for all. 

United States: Students Get AI  Help

Cedarville University is claiming the title of first evangelical college to launch a campus-wide artificial intelligence initiative. The Ohio school is subscribing to ChatGPT Edu and making it available to its more than 6,000 students. According to a school spokesman, the chatbot program will help them “think biblically about AI, be more prepared for the rapidly changing marketplace, and become more time-efficient—leaving additional time for personal and spiritual growth.” A 2024 marketing study found that more than a third of college freshmen use AI to take notes, study, and write essays. A similar number of instructors use AI for their jobs.

Dominican Republic: No to Gold and Copper Extraction

Thousands of evangelicals marched in protest against a Canadian company’s plans to mine gold and copper in the San Juan Valley. GoldQuest says it will extract between 7 million and 21 million tons of precious metals in “a low-impact underground mining development opportunity with the potential to serve as a significant economic driver.” But evangelicals, organized by five ministerial organizations, fear environmental disaster. “The gold mine in its current location will cause irreversible damage,” said a statement read by pastor Ramón Campechano. “Our forests do not belong to any transnational company that only seeks to profit.”

Argentina: Evangelical Existence on the Books

Argentina will now legally recognize non-Catholic religious groups, a change evangelicals have wanted for 30 years. Until now, the country protected religious freedom but only granted legal status to the Roman Catholic Church, which the Argentine constitution calls the “apostolic faith.” 

Sweden: Nation Watches Church Move

An iconic wooden church, often described as one of Sweden’s most beautiful buildings, has been moved across town to make way for an iron ore mine. Thousands of people, including King Carl XVI Gustaf, lined the streets to watch the three-mile trip unfold carefully over 48 hours. More witnessed the event on live TV. The 131-foot tall, 741-ton Lutheran church in Kiruna was designed with a mix of architectural styles, paying tribute to Gothic cathedrals, Norwegian stave churches, and Indigenous Sami huts. The altar is art nouveau. Bishop Olof Bergqvist, a major force behind the effort to translate the Bible into Sami, consecrated the church in 1912. Now, the ground it was built on is in danger of collapsing due to continued mining. Around 3,000 homes are also being moved to safety.

Germany: No Sanctuary in Sanctuaries

Police arrested an asylum-seeking Christian convert at an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church where he sought sanctuary in Berlin. The man is from Afghanistan, according to German pastor Gottfried Martens, and faces “immediate danger to life and limb” if he’s deported. He first entered Europe in Sweden, however, and, according to current rules, is only eligible for asylum if he applies there. The mayor of Hamburg, a center-left Social Democrat, attacked his center-right counterpart, the mayor of Berlin, for letting churches stand in the way of deportation. The number of immigrants seeking sanctuary in churches has risen from 335 in 2020 to 2,386 in 2024, according to government records. An individual’s right to asylum is protected in the German constitution, but some current leaders have suggested that was a mistake and should be amended. The Berlin pastor who has Afghans living in his church said he believes refugees from Muslim countries have been sent by Christ.

Ghana: Government to Review Prophecies

The Presidential Envoy for Interfaith and Ecumenical Relations has told religious leaders to submit any prophecy concerning national leaders, national security, or public stability to the government for review. Elvis Afriyie Ankrah, who works for the presidential administration, said the review process will prevent unnecessary panic and instability. In the run-up to the last election, one prophet declared that Mahamudu Bawumia would defeat John Mahama, causing some to doubt the results when Mahama won with 56 percent of the vote. At several 2025 watch night services, prophets foretold the impending deaths of prominent people (whom they did not name). The government request has sparked debate over the legitimacy of prophecy and government regulation of churches.

Eritrea: Seven Pastors Still Imprisoned

Voices for Justice, a consortium of Christian groups concerned about religious liberty, called on the government to release seven church leaders who have been imprisoned without any charges for 21 years. There are some reports that the pastors are held in solitary confinement.

Turkey: Biblical City Excavated

The archaeological excavation of Colossae has begun. The ancient city was a significant settlement at least 500 years before Christ, but Colossae is most famous as the home of the early church that received two New Testament epistles: Paul’s letters to the Colossians and to Philemon. The excavation, supervised by experts from Pamukkale University, may shed light on the “human tradition and the elemental spiritual forces of this world” (Col. 2:8) that Paul worried would distract Christians from the truth that “God made you alive with Christ” (v. 13).

Israel: No Chicken in Church Meals

Gaza Baptist Church has stopped serving chicken. According to pastor Hanna Massad, who moved to the US in 2008, meat has become too hard to find or too expensive. Plates now contain only rice and a vegetable, often eggplant, and cost the ministry $7 to $10 each. The church has handed out more than 47,000 hot meals since the war began with Hamas’s attack on Israeli civilians in 2023. A three-month blockade early in 2025 caused a hunger crisis in Gaza. The World Health Organization reported 63 people died of complications related to malnutrition in July. Israeli authorities dispute the report and Israel’s supporters point to persistent problems with UN food distribution. Ken Isaacs, a VP with Samaritan’s Purse, said he witnessed “thinning he hadn’t seen since Bosnia,” but noted there’s no good way to deliver aid in a war zone like Gaza. “It’s just a tough situation,” he told CT, “and at the end of the day, it’s only going to be resolved by getting enough food down on the ground.” 

China: Bible Art Moves a Nation

Beijing pastor Wang Wenfeng and his church, SanQi, wanted 1,189 people to each hand-copy a chapter of Scripture in 2019 for the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Union Version translation of the Bible. Within days of sharing the idea online, however, thousands volunteered, including members of underground house churches, people who are part of officially recognized Three-Self Patriotic Movement congregations, and nonbelievers who love the art of calligraphy. To date, millions of Chinese people have taken up the Bible art challenge. Wang has collected many of the handwritten Bible texts in a five-story house in Wenzhou. It was open to the public until authorities raised concerns about the influx of visitors disrupting traffic. Wang shut it down in March 2025.

News

When Believers Kill Believers

Members of the Chin ethnic minority in Myanmar—85 percent of whom profess Christianity—are fighting each other.

Wooden drill rifles at a camp in Myanmar in 2022.

Wooden drill rifles at a camp in Myanmar in 2022.

Christianity Today November 5, 2025
SOPA Images / Contributor / Getty

Since Myanmar’s military coup in February 2021, ethnic armed groups in Chin State have fought the junta. In the past four and a half years, the Myanmar army has destroyed Chin churches, killed and displaced civilians, and wiped out entire cities.

Yet beyond resisting military rule, ethnic armed groups in Chin State have also been fighting one another to extend territorial ambitions in the rugged, hilly region.

In July, fierce fighting erupted between the veteran Chin National Army and the newer Chin National Defense Force. The violence left dozens of combatants dead and forced more than 4,000 civilians to flee across the border into the Indian state of Mizoram.

Chin pastors lament the infighting, as 85 percent of the Chin population profess to be Christians. As a part of the Christian minority in the officially Buddhist country, they have faced religious persecution for decades. Chin diaspora groups in the US often raise awareness of these injustices and call on the US government to take action against the junta.

Yet unity between the more than 50 subtribes within Chin State—many with its own language—has been long been a challenge.

“We grew up under the Bible’s teachings, but when these disputes break out, where is the Bible?” asked Khuang Lian, an ethnically Chin pastor who lives outside the state. “Chin people who are concerned about God’s Word are pained by what’s happening. We cry and we feel discouraged.”

The July clashes were the latest in a series of skirmishes between the rival armed groups in the last two years. While Chin resistance groups have managed to weaken the military’s grip on the state, intensifying conflict between the Chin National Front and the Chin Brotherhood has emerged as another threat to peace.

The Chin National Front, formed in 1988 to fight against the junta, was the state’s main armed group until the 2021 coup. Nonetheless, many Chin people have access to firearms, as hunting is a way of life in the remote state often neglected by the central government. This allowed civilians to assemble quickly into numerous militias after the coup.

Several of these militias banded together to form the Chin Brotherhood, Chin National Front’s rival. Global think tank Crisis Group described relations between the two as “toxic,” noting the fatal clashes and highly charged online rhetoric from supporters in each camp. That the Chin Brotherhood has allied itself with the powerful Arakan Army from neighboring Rakhine State is particularly alarming for those with the Chin National Front, who worry the outside interference could endanger Chin autonomy.

Some Christian leaders have urged both sides to engage in peaceful dialogue, to little avail.

Salai Za Uk Ling, executive director of the Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO), said it is disappointing to see how each faction has allowed selfish goals to take over the initial struggle for collective survival.

“Those in power have gone back to the old, oppressive ways of turf wars that are not necessarily in the best interests of the people who are suffering,” he said.

Even before the coup, nearly 6 in 10 people in the state lived below the poverty line, while 1 in 10 children were projected to die before they turned five, according to UNICEF. Today, almost 40 percent of the state’s 500,000 residents have been displaced, owing largely to the junta’s attacks and infighting, according to the nonprofit Institute of Chin Affairs.

Faith has little bearing on those leading the divided resistance, Salai Za Uk Ling added.

The warring sides are “behaving like nonbelievers,” said a pastor in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region adjacent to Chin State. He asked to remain anonymous out of fear of imprisonment given the junta’s hostile stance toward Christianity.

“Christians should be fighting for the truth, not fighting one another,” said the pastor.

His Chin counterparts have been struggling to counsel congregants who are involved in the fighting. “With tensions so high, Christian leaders have found it difficult, and some may even be afraid to approach the armed groups under such lawless circumstances,” he said. “Besides praying for God to intervene, there is little they can do.”

The first Christian missionaries to the Chin people, American Baptists Arthur and Laura Carson, arrived in the capital of the state, Hakha, in the late 1800s. Over the next century, a large majority of the Chin abandoned their traditional animistic beliefs and professed faith in Christ.

Khuang Lian, the Chin pastor, wants his people to return to their faith.

“Although my family does not stay in Chin State, I am still very concerned about the political situation because these are my people,” Khuang Lian said. “This is my homeland. I don’t want to see them attacking each other. I want to see peace and reconciliation. I want to see them go back to the Bible.”

Some pastors have even taken sides in the conflict, putting their tribal interests above God, Khuang Lian and Salai Za Uk Ling pointed out.

“They are supposed to be shepherding their flock according to God’s Word, but instead they are teaching erroneously under the cloak of Christianity,” said Salai Za Uk Ling.

The military junta plans to hold elections starting December 28, which outside observers widely view as a way to legitimize the military’s power. The junta has disbanded dozens of opposition parties, and voting will not take place in many areas due to the ongoing fighting. Meanwhile, the military has regained several strategic towns near the Chinese border after the Ta’ang National Liberation Army signed a cease-fire deal brokered by China.

As Myanmar’s civil war drags on, Salai Mang Hre Lian, head of CHRO’s human rights documentation team, urged fellow believers to “let go of our egos and self-interests.”

“We are all under the same God and in one blood. We should be living in fear and reverence of him, not of one another,” he said.

Culture
Review

‘Lewis & Tolkien’ Pours Pints at Museum of the Bible

The original play is a paean to male friendship, uninterrupted conversation, and, of course, the pub.

A photo of MWO Management’s Lewis & Tolkien.

MWO Management’s Lewis & Tolkien.

Christianity Today November 5, 2025
Image courtesy of MWO Management’s Lewis & Tolkien

A 90-minute play about two men talking through their feelings might not sound particularly gripping—thought-provoking, maybe, but not edge-of-your-seat entertaining. Yet Lewis & Tolkien, showing at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC, through the end of November, is exactly that.

Watching the show is like following a close boxing match, as those old Oxford dons C. S. Lewis (Bo Foxworth) and J. R. R. Tolkien (Arye Gross) go toe to toe. The fictional confrontation—set during a relational rift near the end of their lives—is convincing. The two modern titans of Christian thought might have sparred this way, referencing their past debates and slipping in jests about each other’s work.

They dance from anger to affection, from intellectual theorizing to unburdening their souls, from waxing poetic about fantasy novels to reminiscing on nights spent sitting close enough to the fire to bite the coals in their regular haunt, The Eagle and Child pub. The whole time, they’re gulping pint after pint of imaginary beer (it’s water, really) until, regrettably, Lewis concludes it is time to accept the “lament that comes from seeing the bottom of my upturned mug.”

The conversation is accessible to any theatergoer thanks to pub waitress Veronica (Anna DiGiovanni), a charming audience stand-in. But longtime fans of these writers in particular will find plenty of inside jokes to love. The story is rich, the acting is impressive, and the pacing keeps viewers captivated throughout.

The play also leaves audiences asking earnest questions about their own friendships.

“It’s so much about male friendship,” writer Dean Batali told Christianity Today in an interview shortly before the show’s opening last week. “And I didn’t even know that’s what I was writing at the time.”

That theme feels especially relevant now. Two men reconciling over an unhurried, in-person conversation, nestled in a snug pub, defies everything about modern society’s bitter ideological divisions and disembodied digital distractions. Not a single iPhone in sight. No email notifications. No Slack messages interrupting the conversation. Prolonged eye contact, full attention, and a radical willingness to stay in the same room even when wounded by the other.

Batali said viewers often draw a comparison to their own lives in this fractured age. Sure enough, at the end of the show on opening night, I overheard a man in the audience tell Batali that the conversation had him thinking about Thanksgiving. Which political affiliations or ideas might get someone uninvited from breaking bread (or carving turkey) together?

“The world is infiltrating the church,” that man bemoaned.

Lewis & Tolkien is an ambitious project, with no intermission and a torrent of multisyllabic words for the actors to memorize. It was also a daunting script for Batali to shepherd, given Lewis’s and Tolkien’s fierce admirers. He drew from the men’s books and letters, but he said he’s still a bit nervous about being corrected about some small detail or another, two years after first writing the script.

The Museum of the Bible has often hosted productions like this one in its World Stage Theater, including a recent Narnia play, which was produced by a different, overtly Christian company. Lewis & Tolkien is a more eclectic undertaking. Batali is a Christian—he told CT he had a sudden, undeniable conversion experience as a teenager and has followed Christ ever since—but the actors didn’t need to pass any theological litmus tests to get the gig, and the show wasn’t intended as an apologetic.

“Was it my purpose to tell the story of C. S. Lewis’s conversion so the people in the theater would hear a conversion story? No,” Batali said. “It came out of the story. And it’s a natural part of the story. Was it my purpose to show two friends reconciling as we’re supposed to, as demonstrated by Jesus? No. That came out of the story too. I’m very excited that it did.”

The show’s director, Andrew Borba, emphasized that anyone should feel welcome to see the play. Borba himself isn’t sure about faith, describing himself as a “seeker” after becoming disillusioned with the Catholic church.

“I apologize to anyone this offends, but there are things not in the practice of Catholicism but the structure of Catholicism that, just, I had to leave,” said Borba, a seasoned actor and director who grew up going to school with Batali in their hometown of Tacoma, Washington. “I found that it was not at all, in my opinion—my very, very faulted and humble opinion—a real practice of Christianity.”

It isn’t lost on Borba and Batali that they are old friends working together on a play about another pair of old friends who likewise shared a relationship centered around ideas and art, one of whom eventually helped push the other into embracing Christ.

“What’s going on with Lewis and Tolkien is not dissimilar to a lot of aspects of our friendship,” Borba told CT. Like Lewis and Tolkien, he reflected, he and Batali have had “many, many times where we would get together for lunch or coffee and talk religion or politics or life, and would, in the very best way, full of love and respect, engage each other.”

If there’s one overarching message to Lewis & Tolkien, it’s that: a celebration of fellowship, even when the way is narrow and the road is hard. But Batali and Borba hope this play will work for both a broader DC audience and visitors to the Museum of the Bible as a story told for the sake of simply telling a good story.

“I work a lot with new plays,” Borba confided, “and maybe the biggest challenge is that they—almost all of them—come with a strong point of view about life and then pretend to create a discussion or an argument [or] a dramatic event around it. But so clearly the playwright is like, ‘This is right thinking. Here’s my agenda.’”

“Good theater doesn’t do that,” he said. “Good storytelling doesn’t do that. It breathes and opens into the things that matter.”

Borba is convinced Batali’s work does just that. Still, the show’s location at the Museum of the Bible may keep DC’s more liberal theater fans at bay, many of them wary of setting foot in a building associated with conservative Christianity.

But they needn’t worry. The play “doesn’t preach,” Batali said. “It’s just characters expressing what they believe, which might challenge you a little bit, but that’s not the intent.”

“And also, by the way,” he added, “You can get in and out of here without seeing a Bible.”

Batali is used to occupying this in-between space after spending more than 30 years in Hollywood as both a Christian and a writer. He wrote for That ’70s Show and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, among other productions.

He recalled once pitching a story line where Buffy teams up with the local Christian youth group. It didn’t make the cut, although he did manage to write a conversation about God into That ’70s Show.

“They happened to be high at the time,” he noted. “But.”

Batali told CT he often faces pushback from Christians who are suspicious of the art world.

“Christians need to open their minds to what stories do,” he said. “‘In the world, not of it,’ … but we still have to engage culture.” After 35 years making that argument, Batali still feels that the church is “playing catch-up,” which is why it’s “so satisfying to be here in a theater with 490 seats, with a professional director and actors with years of experience.”

The play does come across as professional. The primary danger in seeing it, more so than being around uncomfortable ideas, is the extreme longing afterward to find a similar pub nearby where one’s own friends can gather for hours by a cozy fire.

Even if I find a suitable venue, cell phones will still exist. And my friends and I haven’t spent nearly enough time translating Beowulf to enjoy the same caliber of conversation.

I’ll have to cherish the memory of this play, in the meantime, and the genuine affection it displayed for two writers I adore.

“You kind of lean forward, listening to them,” Batali said of the dialogue. “They enjoy language.”

Language, yes. And for Tolkien and Lewis, quite a few pints too.

Haley Byrd Wilt is a writer based in Washington, DC.

News

ChatGPT Announces New Erotica Feature

How ChatGPT’s new turn offers opportunities for the gospel.

A man looking into virtual reality goggles.

A man looking into virtual reality goggles.

Christianity Today November 5, 2025
Kegfire / Envato / Edits by CT

Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, recently announced that ChatGPT will roll out a new erotica feature in December, part of an adaptation that will loosen restrictions and “treat adult users like adults.”

The Bulletin sat down with Russell Moore, Mike Cosper, and Brandon Rickabaugh, public philosopher and founder and CEO of the Novus Initiative, to discuss AI chatbot companions, the illusion of online intimacy, and the call of Jesus in a world of rapidly changing technology. The entire interview can be heard in episode 221. Here are edited excerpts.

What are AI companions, and how are they used?

Brandon Rickabaugh: AI companions constitute a host of potential relationships. These bots could purchase things for you on Amazon or do work for you. Mental health bots have been around for a long time, predating ChatGPT. You also have companion bots that are trained to behave like a close friend, romantic partner, or spouse. Now you’ve got companion bots that can serve the purpose of erotica too.

Most of the research about these companions piggybacks off the psychology and sociology of pornography use. Psychology models also predict the kinds of behaviors people have with these chatbots. When people use these, they anthropomorphize; they attribute humanlike properties like mind, consciousness, and agency to these bots.

Elon Musk’s SuperGrok subscribers can pay $30 a month to access AI companions that offer erotic content. Is it accurate to compare this to drug dealing, selling something we know is going to make you an emotional addict and is dangerous for your health?

Russell Moore: Yes. A recent report in Harper’s Magazine spoke of “freebasing” pornography (like heating and smoking a drug so the high is particularly intense). AI companions possess all of the problems of digital pornography plus an illusion of emotional connection. God’s design is sexuality in the context of relationship, and relationship in the context of covenant, and covenant in the context of God. Now you have the illusion of relationship and sexuality without covenant, without genuine reality at all. 

I talk with pastors dealing with men who say, “I’ve fallen in love with a chatbot. She understands me better than my wife does.” This algorithmic technology is specifically designed to reflect back to that person what he expects from a partner and a relationship. When you add sexual content to that longing for connection, that is a really dangerous combination. We haven’t even figured out how to deal with the old-school porn problem in our churches, much less this.

Rickabaugh: When we say that they “understand,” that is anthropomorphizing. The truth is that chatbots have no understanding. There’s no sentience behind them at all. I encourage computer scientists to use non-anthropomorphic language in their models and also their interface, but it sneaks in. We cannot talk about chatbots knowing or feeling things because there is no sentience in them. 

That’s helpful, Brandon, because what Russell’s describing is this person’s perception of connection. It seems very deceitful that someone perceives an understanding when it’s not really there. 

Mike Cosper: The language I have found helpful here is “frictionless relationships.” A normal relationship between a man and a woman has some friction, conflict, difficulties connecting and communicating. We have to get through that friction to preserve intimacy or repair relationships when they’ve been harmed. 

With these AI chatbots, that friction’s removed. The algorithm always adapts to keep the human being in the relationship happy. The goal is to get your attention and keep you logged in. The danger is greater for young people, but also for the elderly and lonely. These things are profoundly seductive.

I do not believe these companies care about age verification. My state, Kentucky, has tried to require age verification for porn sites; but there are easy ways to get around those safeguards. Companies will diligently stay ahead of that to protect young people from getting addicted to this stuff? That’s a giant joke.

We often hear the church needs to step up and provide community for lonely people. While certainly that’s a part of what is needed here, does the church have larger work when it comes to companionship AI? 

Moore: The church needs to recognize this in a way that doesn’t treat it as freakish, science-fiction-y, and weird. Otherwise, people don’t want to talk about it. Also, it’s awkward to talk about sexual and relational temptation in anything but abstract terms. A pastor who stands up and talks about erotic chatbots will have people coming up after and saying, “Why did you bring that up? That’s risque.”

The New Testament does not have that kind of reticence about dealing with temple prostitution and other issues in the first-century world. We need to acknowledge how vulnerable we all are. Technology has shaped all of us in some ways we can see and others we can’t. We should not laugh at this and treat it as futuristic or outlandish. This is real. This is here right now.

Rickabaugh: Jesus talks about technology. The Sermon on the Mount has a fundamental debate about mechanization versus non-mechanization of persons. Technology can operate beneath the surface, at the level of the will, heart, emotions, and thoughts, where we treat ourselves and others as non-people. In contrast, the Sermon on the Mount makes clear that personhood matters. We are children included in God’s kingdom. Jesus talks about this all over the place. You can understand that as a kind of discussion about technology, if you get clear on what counts as a technology.

Moore: The Bible speaks directly to issues of technology and spiritual formation, some in ways that might not have even been understandable until now. Isaiah and Jeremiah talk about the man who constructs an idol, creates its mouth, creates its ears, and then expects it to speak to him and to hear him. He experiences disillusionment and disappointment because it’s not there to respond to him when he cries to it. That’s exactly what I’m seeing right now, even apart from the sexual content. People say, “I’ve really been trusting my chatbot to tell me what to do. Now I’m starting to feel like it’s just giving back to me what I’m expecting.” That prompts some people to ask, “What am I doing? What’s happening? What’s actually real?”

Rickabaugh: Disillusionment is the perfect description. If you look at the AI community, at Silicon Valley and the beginning of the AI movement, you’ll see people radically enchanted but disillusioned with themselves. 

Cosper: Most artificial intelligence is not designed with an ethical superstructure, but within a very humanistic framework of logic, ethics, and human relationships. If that’s the case, there’s no metaphysics that values humanity and offers some way of processing ethical issues. The conversation will constantly move into places that are very dark and full of evil.

Steven Adler, an AI researcher who led product safety at OpenAI, recently wrote an op-ed for The New York Times on this topic. He said, “To control highly capable A.I. systems of the future, companies may need to slow down long enough for the world to invent new safety methods—ones that even nefarious groups can’t bypass.” Talk to me about the value of slowness in the midst of this rapidly developing technology.

Moore: We can pump the brakes in terms of cultivating slowness in our own lives, but there is no mechanism to slow down technological development when you have large, multinational companies. We haven’t even figured out policy or cultural standards for how to deal with the old social media companies and search engine companies, much less what’s happening right now. 

When I talk to people in Silicon Valley who are working on this technology, often they will say, “If we’re not doing it, China’s doing it” or “If China’s not doing it, India’s doing it,” or someone else. The language is really similar to nuclear weapons technology: “This isn’t great, but we have to be on top of it.” That makes it difficult for any individual or even for any state or nation to get a handle on this. Because of this, churches and Christians need to say, “How can I cultivate slowness and spiritual formation even in the midst of all of that that I cannot control?”

Rickabaugh: We can slow down and ask, “Can we buy a license at ChatGPT now?” You can make a strong case that Christians need to say no. There are many different applications of AI we can say no to—to the mental health use, to music selection in an app. I can’t do anything about large-scale AI, but I can say no to all sorts of things that are within the effective range of my will. 

As we do this, we take seriously what Jesus says about humanity and realize that the Spirit is just as powerful as the Spirit’s always been. These technologies do not push on any new button in terms of human nature. The answer to human flourishing is becoming more and more like Jesus in terms of our whole person. That’s going to require pulling away from a lot of things, including various kinds of technology. 

I am very hopeful about what the church can do if the church switches its understanding of spiritual formation. Within the past decade, people have turned spiritual formation into a kind of technology. When people talk about the spiritual disciplines being the thing that transforms you, I want to say, “Hold on, hold on. It is the Spirit that transforms us.” You can do the disciplines all day and become an angrier person. 

If you turn spiritual disciplines into the sort of thing that you can do a particular amount of time on a particular kind of schedule in a particular kind of way, that’s turning it into a technology. That’s very dangerous. Apps are coming out that are intended to take the role of pastors. You’re going to have spiritual guides that track all of your health data.

So what does it look like to follow Jesus in the church? I think it requires us to be very mindful about what these technologies are and what they do, what we can say no to, what it would take to be the kinds of people that say no to that. The history of technology and the history of the church have got this profound relationship that has affected spiritual formation. I’m actually very hopeful about being able to do a lot of great good when people are radically disillusioned, like Russell said. The church has the capacity to show people what people are.

‘Can We Just Ignore It? Nope.’

Responses to our July/August article about AI and other stories.

Photo of CT's July August issue
Source image: Envato

This year at CT, we’ve been focusing (understandably so!) on questions around artificial intelligence, particularly generative AI tools—models like Grok and Claude that use prompts to create original text or images. In addition to many of the stories in our July/August issue, our online coverage has recently taken on what ChatGPT means for Christian education, the efficacy of AI prayers, and whether churches should use AI tools to answer seekers’ questions.

But AI also underlies many of the technologies we’ve come to think of as more mundane, including dating apps. “I had similar experiences with apps to what is described and ended up finding my current spouse through offline means from a personal connection,” wrote Wes Hurd of Washington, DC, in response to reporter Harvest Prude’s story on algorithmic matchmaking, “What Algorithms Have Brought Together.”

So how can the church actually help young people connect with each other? Speed dating programs? Swing dancing and pickleball? “I think the cure for this is not necessarily new programs or paradigms,” Hurd added, “but a restoration of soul care, pastoral care, and relationality between pastors and the people who come to their churches.”

We’ll keep covering these interplays at the heart of AI discourse—between the digital and the embodied, new interventions and steadfast tradition—in the months ahead.

Kate Lucky, senior editor, features

What Is (Artificial) Intelligence?

Kudos to Christianity Today for raising thoughtful questions, including the vital starting point “What is intelligence?” How can we navigate AI if we can’t first define human intelligence? That said, I was surprised the roundtable didn’t include experts in human intelligence. Behavioral scientists have grappled with this. While definitions vary, psychology offers well-established frameworks—like Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences, Robert Sternberg’s wisdom-based models, and John Flavell’s work on metacognition—that speak directly to these questions. The lack of consensus in psychology reveals the profound complexity of the issue. Ignoring these insights risks reinventing the wheel without a clear foundation, perpetuating guesswork even while raising thoughtful questions. This may be one of Silicon Valley’s core missteps: developing AI without grounding in theological, philosophical, or psychological understandings of what it means to be human. Yes, biology and psychology have at times been at odds with an imago Dei framework—but even through secular insights, God’s truth can shine.


Stephanie Wilsey, Beaver Falls, PA

A possible Christian definition of intelligence is the ability to make righteous choices before God. This, we believe, is where our greatest utility, happiness, or well-being lies. If we stick to the definition above, it is hard to imagine how AI systems will ever be able to optimize their own well-being in the way just described. To ascribe this sort of intelligence to AI would be nonsensical. The increase in human well-being that AI can bring will always be limited and instrumental. AI can make our lives more comfortable, and that is of course a very commendable end. It may even be pleasing to God. But even so, artificial intelligence will always be only an instrument in effecting the choices we have to intelligently make ourselves. And AI can certainly not bring us to where our ultimate happiness or utility lies: in the full realization of the kingdom of God. That is something that not even human intelligence and the rational choices it implies can bring about.


Johan Serré, Berlaar, Belgium

When We Make Intelligence In our Image

AI in its current infancy is already capable of great feats of intelligence. I am surprised that Timothy Dalrymple rejects the ability of AI to create intelligent beings. Even if he is ultimately correct and AI creates something less threatening, I can easily imagine AI (and its human guides) creating a humanoid with fake skin, blood, and bones but with supercognitive ability. It might not be a genuine being, but we’d be easily fooled by a fake. If we find it impossible to recognize an altered photograph right now, the former scenario is not far off. The challenge is much greater than simply refusing to anthropomorphize AI.


Andrew Cornell, Dresden, Ontario

I am an AI researcher, a Christian, a signer of the Southern Baptist statement on AI, and currently writing a book on computer and AI ethics. I have been warning people about “science-fiction AI” for decades. I regularly have the weird experience of being squelched in conversations because I actually know how chatbots work and people don’t like me spoiling their fantasies. If we ever do make a conscious machine (which I do not see any way of doing), we will not have created consciousness, only transplanted ours into something else.


Michael A. Covington

Unlearning the Gospel of Efficiency

As a scientist working for a biotech company, I have witnessed AI take a prominent seat in our corporate goals since a couple of years ago. The aim is to boost efficiency as we have slowed hiring due to economic headwinds. That’s why I found Kelly M. Kapic’s reflection so refreshing. It’s a vital reminder that our human flourishing is not dependent on productivity, but rather on a relationship with a loving and faithful God.


Jane Hui, Vancouver, British Columbia

God Remembers in Our Dementia

I see this daily in my work with hospice. Much grief would be mended by acknowledging what’s changed and loving what remains.

@therobbyortiz (Instagram)

We have been walking this journey with our mom for the past seven years. There are and have been many tears of anger (at the disease and God) and sadness as we watch her continue to suffer and decline. This has challenged my faith like no other.

@kdebeer63 (Instagram)

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