‘Think of It As a Best Friend and Youth Pastor in Your Pocket’

Staff Editor

A Q&A with the cofounder of a Duolingo-style “Christian AI” app aimed at Gen Z.

Illustration by Christianity Today / Source Images: Creed, Pexels, Unsplash

The “Christian AI” market is getting crowded.

At Gloo, users are “getting more personal” with their chatbot “than with most pastors.” Pray.com’s AI-generated Bible videos are styled like video games and replete with dramatic monsters and sexy ladies.

New to the scene is Creed, which bills itself as a “digital companion for churches and believers.” CT spoke over Zoom with Creed cofounder Adi Agrawal about the app’s tech, business model, user base, and goals.

This interview has been edited and condensed.

First, to make sure our readers have a good sense of what Creed does and how you do it, tell me about your tech stack and training. What large language model are you using as the base for the app, and what are the specific resources that you use to train it?

Think of the product as a Tamagotchi meets Duolingo for a Christian.

Think of it as a best friend and youth pastor in your pocket that you can talk to about any questions, be it your personal life, be it faith questions, be it your Bible studies. It’ll give you answers rooted in Scripture, but it’ll also build on that relationship over time. It remembers things you tell it. The more you talk to it, the more personalized it gets. It develops personalized faith paths for you, and it’ll help you answer questions and find community around you so you can discover Christian events. If you’re not affiliated with a church, it’ll recommend churches for you to go to. So it’s not just talking to a screen.

On the back end, we’re not building our own models. We’re using off-the-shelf models from OpenAI, Google, etc. But we noticed that everyone’s using ChatGPT, and people are asking it super personal questions like “Should I get a divorce? Was I the wrong one in this situation?”

ChatGPT will give you an answer, but whose values determine that answer? Who is determining what those values are? That’s a little bit of a black box, but the values are determined by a few companies in Silicon Valley.

So how do you set guardrails around that? How do you make sure the answers you get back from the AI are something your pastor or your church leader or your parents would agree with?

We take off-the-shelf models and fine-tune them on Scriptures—30 different versions of the Bible. And then on top, a few nonbiblical texts as well, like the texts of C. S. Lewis or a few other, broader Christian authors.

Then we also use denomination-specific teachings. Different denominations have pastors and priests whose teachings are widely accepted, so we use a few of those. Our offshore teams annotate those texts and label them to ensure some level of denomination-specific accuracy. For the same question, what you might expect as a Southern Baptist is going to be different from what you expect as a Catholic.

Then the third layer is church-specific nuances. We work with churches in our partner network directly so they can go set their values on “topic X” on top of that denomination-specific nuance. Right now we only have 12 or so churches in our network, and we’re building that out.

And then we set very, very strict guardrails. One of the big issues with AI is hallucination. How do you ensure it’s giving you actual answers? How do you ensure it’s not just making things up? So every answer passes through three filters of checks.

And any kind of sensitive topic—say, transgender rights or gay marriage—we are not going to give you like, “Oh, you should do this” or “You should not do this.” We’ll cite Scripture, and then we’ll tell you to go talk to your pastor or go talk to your parents. A very middle-ground approach where we as a company are not being prescriptive. We want to be very sort of value-neutral, and we want you to go talk to actual trusted authorities.

If there’s any mention of self-harm or harm to others, we have a human who will intervene and will be like, “Oh, do you want me to call up your parents?” or “Do you want me to call up this hotline for mental health issues?” We want that human intervention layer in case there’s something that’s super alarming.

You’ve mentioned parents, and that plus your description of Creed as an AI youth pastor makes me think your target audience is teenagers. Is that accurate? Can you give me some sense of your typical or ideal user demographics?

Yeah, initially we went to market with a focus on Gen Z. It’s a bit surprising though: About 60 percent of our users are 15- to 30-year-olds. Then I’d say the fastest growing demographic is 50- to 70-year-old women. That’s another 30 percent, and then 10 percent is 30- to 50-year-olds, a mix of males and females.

We found unexpected success with demos other than Gen Z, so now we’re trying to make it more age- and gender-neutral in terms of the design and the tone of the AI’s answers. If you use the app today, the way it talks is very Gen Z. But we’re implementing a new voice where it’ll essentially reflect back your own personality and your own voice. It’ll adapt to you. If you use emojis, it’s going to use emojis. If you use full sentences with capitalization, it’ll like that.

You said in your fact sheet that you had 200,000 users in the first four months. Do you have a number for daily active usership yet?

Daily active users are around 25,000.

Okay. And then turning toward the business side, you mentioned in your fact sheet that you got funding from Andreessen Horowitz Speedrun. Is your cohort with them ongoing? And I’m also curious about how much funding you were awarded.

We started Speedrun in July of this year. When you start, you get $500,000 from them. We finished Speedrun in October, and then after we finished, we raised $4.2 million.

That is speedy. Accurately named! I would guess that as you’re working with these venture capital folks, you’ve presented a business model for what to do after that initial funding. What is the model going forward?

It’s very similar to Duolingo. It’s monthly and annual subscriptions on the consumer end. And then we also offer in-app purchases in addition to the subscription. So think of e-commerce, or very similar to gaming [with] in-app purchases.

I haven’t used Duolingo in a long time, so I’m not sure: Is there any advertising? Is there sale of user data, or is it just those direct user purchases?

Just those [direct purchases]. We were going back and forth on whether we should show ads. There are pros and cons. If you show ads, you could potentially make more money, but it really ruins the user experience if you’re chatting about deeply personal issues and suddenly seeing ads. People start to question where their data is going. So we’re going to hold off on ads and purely go with subscription revenue for now.

Turning from tech and business, I’m interested in your goals for Creed. I think the single most surprising thing in the fact sheet you sent was this sentence: “If you tell your companion that you are feeling sad, it will pray for you.” For me, that raises the question of what your team understands prayer to be. What do you think it is and how you think it works?

When it says the companion will pray for you, it’s more like it’ll pray with you. It’s not going to pray for you. It’s more like, “Oh, do you want to pray with me? And how are you feeling?”It’s almost like generating personalized prayers for you that fit your mood and fit the way you like to be prayed with.

I think the beauty of AI is it’s not pushing something at you. Rather, it’s working with you to build something in collaboration. So this prayer would be very customized to how you’re feeling and the way you like to pray. You can tell the companion, “This is how my church or my pastor taught me how to pray,” or you can give it a YouTube-style sample prayer.

There’s no simple, one-size-fits-all approach to this. How you need to pray can look very different from person to person.

Just to make sure I understand, you’re saying it would write a prayer that the user would say as opposed to the chatbot praying in its own voice?

Yeah, this would write a prayer, and it’ll basically speak the prayer out loud with the user. So it’s almost like a friend would do it. Like you’d ask a friend, “Hey, can you pray for me?”And then you both would pray that together—

Speaking in unison.

Yeah, speaking in unison. Then there’s this other feature we just launched. It’s almost like a prayer wall where you can have other users pray for you. Say you’re in a remote town in Tennessee, and you don’t have a church community or a lot of friends around there, and your mother’s sick, and you want prayer. Other users will join you in that prayer. We launched that two days ago, and we’ve already seen a good adoption of that feature.

I read an article in which a pastor was thinking about this kind of product and specifically about prayer. He made a point that I’ve not seen elsewhere, and I’m interested in your response to it. He said the difference, perhaps, is that one of these prayers is by a soul saved by Christ and the other is written by a program; and, whatever the implications of that, which might God prefer? Does God want to receive a prayer written by a machine?

That’s a very valid point, and you could go philosophically down that whole rabbit hole, but I think our end goal is helping people out in times of duress.

And sure, a machine-made prayer is definitely not up to the standards of a prayer written by an actual human. But in that situation, if that machine didn’t write a prayer, that prayer would not have happened. So we’d much rather have a prayer, even if it’s of a slightly lower quality, than no prayer at all.

I think that’s how I think about it, but I think that’s a very valid point in terms of what God prefers. God would probably prefer a human-quality prayer, but it’s hard to scale that service to 3 billion Christians worldwide.

Of course. I think maybe the alternative would not be that they would turn to a custom human-written prayer, but that they would just pray.

Half of our users are folks who very recently turned to God and Christianity. We’ve noticed they use this almost as an introduction to exploring more about the body of Christ and reading the Bible. A lot of them are not familiar with that whole process of praying or what’s the right way to pray—or even getting the words into their minds, in terms of how you compose that prayer. So we don’t want to supplant them praying for themselves; rather we want to build that habit into them.

That’s good transition to another question I had. I was struck by the fact sheet’s mention of “Duolingo-style daily quests such as daily prayers/devotionals—the more of these quests that you complete, the more points you accrue, opening up richer devotionals, faith milestones, and tailored guidance.”

And I was baffled by this idea of gamifying the practice of faith and then apparently—correct me if I’m wrong here—withholding the best discipleship materials until people level up or maintain a streak, like in Duolingo. If we’re dealing with new Christians, people who really need help, wouldn’t we give them the richest devotionals off the bat?

We’re not withholding devotionals. The way it works is the more points you get, the more sort of rewards you win. These rewards aren’t discipleship frameworks. It’s more like you can customize your character. You can open up new characters. You can buy a hat for your characters. It’s more those sorts of rewards versus actual texts or devotionals. Those are open to everyone, starting day one.

The characters—you sent images of users holding the screen with what looks like a sheep. Is the sheep—and maybe later other characters—what you all had in mind when the fact sheet described Creed as “embodied” with a voice, personality, and memories?

Yeah. A lot of chatbots—like ChatGPT, Claude, all of them—are abstract chat forms. But our whole thing was: Can you make this more embodied? Can you give it a personality with a voice, proactively following up with users?

That is what we mean by “embodied” versus the more abstract chatbot forms. This idea of embodied companions has been one of the biggest trends in consumer AI over the past couple of years. Most of these embodied AI companies are AI boyfriend or AI girlfriend apps.

Just to clarify, you don’t mean a physical piece of hardware, like Friend. You mean the image on the screen?

Yeah, this is on the screen. This is not a physical thing.

So these other embodied AIs are sexualized, weird, romanticized companions. They’re all millions in revenue, but they’re so toxic, and it’s so unhealthy for the future—not just the future of Christianity, but also the future of our younger generations, that people are spending hours per day having weird, sexualized interactions with these AI boyfriends and girlfriends.

Our initial motivation was to appropriate that same technology but use it to get people closer to God, learn more about the Bible, get them out and discover community instead of having weird interactions.

Yeah, one thing I appreciate in the fact sheet was your policy of cutting people off after an hour of use. That that is a real distinctive you don’t see with a lot of the big names in AI.

The more time you spend, the more money they make. It is a very unhealthy cycle.

Right. That’s a great caution to have. I do wonder about blurring the lines by using “embodied” this way, because having an avatar isn’t usually what we mean when we say “embodied.” It’s a picture instead of text, but it is on a screen still, right? It’s not embodied.

Yeah, I agree with that interpretation. It’s not truly embodied, I guess.

Okay. As I was preparing for this, I was thinking about when Paul writes to the Galatians, and he’s very worried about them. He says he’s in the pains of childbirth until Christ is formed in them, because he’s their pastor and he loves them.

When I think about a young, lonely Christian who maybe has moved to a new city, is struggling to find friends, struggling to get plugged into a local church community—when I think about that person being told that this program is going to be their source for pastoral care, it honestly makes me sad.

And it strikes me as a pretty dark vision for the future of Christianity and the future of the local church. I do appreciate your sense of the importance of pushing people to go find a local congregation, pushing people to get off the screen. I want to affirm that. But on the other hand, it seems to me that merely by offering pastoral care with no pastor, you’re kind of giving up on the local church at a level so fundamental that those tweaks may not matter.

At the very outset, this is not a replacement for pastoral care. And when you download the app, one of the first things you’ll see is “Find church events near me,” “Find a church near me.”

We very much positioned this as a “Christian best friend” app. We are not that pastoral authority. Best case, we might be a youth pastor, but we’re definitely not any kind of authority. We want to push you to actual resources.

And we’re acting very much as lead generator for local churches. As a company, and for me personally, local churches are a backbone of our future, and they need to be revived. Obviously they’re going through a very challenging time now, and we want this app to pull people off TikTok and introduce them to the faith, introduce them to local churches, help provide local pastoral care. I think that’s the funneling role we see our app playing.

I assume everything’s very data-driven. You have the data to make sure things are working the way as intended. If at a certain point—a year, five years down the line—you are not reliably getting data that people are getting off the internet and becoming meaningfully involved—joining, volunteering—in a local church community, what do you do?

If at any point we notice we’re trying to funnel them to actual, real-life engagement, and they’re not doing that, I think that means we failed in our mission as founders and building this company.

And I think at that point, we’d probably want to pivot the business and do something else entirely. That mission is just so central to why we started doing this. And if we fail in that, I think we failed as founders of this company—and at that point it would be better to even shut this down than to get people addicted to some phone game and not go out into the actual world.

Correction (January 20, 2026): An earlier version of this article mistitled Adi Agrawal.

- More from Bonnie Kristian

News

India Moves to Close Camps for Thousands Displaced by Manipur Violence

Divya Chirayath

With nowhere to go and poor camp conditions, one church plans to buy land for its congregation to live on.

The relief camp in Manipur where Lamjagou Vaiphei lives with his wife, three children, and seven other families.

Image courtesy of Lamjagou Vaiphei

It’s been more than two years since Lamjagou Vaiphei, a fish farmer from the northeast Indian state of Manipur, last saw his home. He watched as Meitei militant groups burned down his entire village in Kangpokpi, including his church, during the ethnic violence that erupted between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities in May 2023.

After escaping the violence, he and fellow villagers have been living in a community-run relief camp in Churachandpur, about 107 kilometers away. Returning to their village is unsafe, Lamjagou said, as Meiteis still occupy a stronghold around the area. The government hasn’t mediated any peace solution between the communities.

The unrest began in after the High Court of Manipur asked the government to grant tribal status to the Meiteis, Manipur’s largest ethnic group. It makes up 44 percent of the population, and the people are largely Hindu.

This upset the majority-Christian Kuki-Zo community, which makes up 25 percent of the population and mostly occupy the hill area. They feared that if Meiteis gained tribal status, they would lose their own protections and land.

Peaceful protests escalated into violent clashes between the people groups, with more than 60,000 people displaced and 260 killed.

Since 2023, the displaced have lived in more than 280 internally displaced people (IDP) camps across three districts of Manipur. Last July, the government announced that it would close all camps at the end of the year and instead provide prefabricated housing to people who cannot go back to their villages.

“We feel that even after December, there will be around 8,000 to 10,000 people who will not be able to go back,” Manipur State chief secretary P. K. Singh said in July. “They will be allowed to stay in some 1,000 prefabricated houses we are building.”

Now three weeks into the new year, the camps remain standing, but no one knows for how much longer. Manipur’s current chief secretary, Puneet Kumar Goel, said that they have resettled about 10,000 displaced people from more than 2,200 families and that several thousand more houses are under construction.

But no family in Lamjagou’s camp has received any housing assistance or official updates on rehabilitation.

“Our village was openly burned down, we are not provided any resettlement, we are not provided any security,” Lamjagou said. “Still the government says it will close down the relief camps. Where should we go now?”

On January 12, thousands of IDPs, volunteers, and civil society agencies staged a rally in the state’s capital of Imphal, voicing their prolonged struggles of living in relief camps and demanding immediate rehabilitation and resettlement. They held placards that read “Let us return home” and “Resettlement is a right, not a favor.”

Currently, Lamjagou, along with his wife and three children, lives with seven other families in a community hall that was converted into a relief camp to accommodate victims of the violence. He says the living conditions in the camp are cramped and unhygienic. The seven families share a common toilet and a makeshift bathroom, with only a plastic tarp and wooden sticks providing privacy.

Up until November, the government provided supplies to relief camps that included rice, oil, potatoes, and toiletries. Since then, the government replaced these supplies with a direct cash transfer of 84 rupees (about $1 USD) per day to each displaced person living in relief camps. While Lamjagou prefers the cash transfer over supplies as it lets him choose what to buy, he says the amount is insufficient. “We barely manage,” he said. “We buy the lowest quality of rice and supplies and cannot afford nutritious food.”

Mary Thombing, a social worker at the Hope Charitable Trust in Churachandpur, has visited several camps of displaced Kuki-Zo Christians. Overcrowding and poor sanitation facilities are major concerns in these camps, she says.

“In most camps, toilets are either makeshift, inadequate, or completely unavailable,” Thombing said. “As a result, thousands of IDPs are compelled to defecate, bathe, and wash in open spaces, including riverbanks, roadside areas, and fields, with absolutely no privacy. Women and girls are especially vulnerable.”

Apart from improving camp conditions, Thombing believes the government must establish a strong security framework to guarantee the safe return and resettlement of displaced people.

“The Kukis know that returning to their old villages is not just unsafe but potentially fatal,” she said. “Their homes must be rebuilt, compensation provided, and long-term rehabilitation plans implemented in consultation with community leaders and humanitarian organizations.”

Lamjagou and other families in his relief camp worship each Sunday afternoon at a local Presbyterian church about 5 kilometers away. His childhood friend Lalkhup Vaiphei (no relation) pastors the congregation of about 150 members, all of whom are IDPs living in nearby relief camps. Sunday school teachers hold classes in the church courtyard for the children. From the tithes collected, the congregation pays a small rent to the church and a salary to the pastor.

Lalkhup is a trained pastor and the executive secretary of the Vaiphei Baptist Churches Association (VBCA). Of the seven VBCA churches in Manipur, Meitei militant groups destroyed six in the 2023 violence. Lalkhup, who fled his home on the VBCA Imphal campus in May that year, lives in rented accommodations in Churachandpur district.

As the relief camps in the area face closures, the church is stepping in to help its congregations. Lalkhup said the church plans to buy a plot of empty land with money collected from the few congregation members who still have an income, mostly government employees. Most other members are farmers who have lost their livelihoods in the violence.

They are looking at a 3-hectare tract that they can divide into 80 equal plots of 4,000 square feet each. Each plot will be sold to a family in the church for 100,000 rupees ($1,110 USD), which Lalkhup said could be paid for in small installments once they’re able to get back on their feet and earn money.

With donations from Christians in Southern India, the congregation has also started constructing a church building. Lalkhup noted that the construction will take a long time as the funds come in intermittently. Until then, they plan to continue gathering at the rented Presbyterian church.

Lamjagou said he plans to buy a plot of land and build a home there. Back in his village, he had a small fish farm where he raised and sold fish. The violence destroyed his farm, and he has no source of livelihood in the relief camp. His wife has sold a few mosquito nets that she stitched, but the earnings have been meager and unsteady.

His hopes of rebuilding his life hinge on finding a new job and getting financial support from the government or donors.

“I hope to pay for the land slowly if I can find some work,” Lamjagou said. “If the government provides any support for housing and resettlement, or if well-wishers sponsor us, we can build a home. … We just hope that God, in his grace, will make a way.”

Meanwhile, Lalkhup noted that shepherding his flock in the midst of a humanitarian crisis has been difficult.

“With church members coming out with empty hands, no homes, and no land, establishing a church from scratch is not easy,” he said. “I have to frequently visit every household in various relief camps, wherever they are. I have to have a very close relationship with all members. Only then can we walk together and start over again.”

- More from Divya Chirayath

News

Influential Chinese House Church Faces New Crackdown

Joy Ren

UPDATE: Two of the detained face charges of “inciting subversion of state power.”

People praying at Early Rain Covenant Church in 2018.

Illustration by Christianity Today / Source Images: Facebook

Key Updates

January 21, 2026

Two of the Detained Charged with "Inciting Subversion"
January 16, 2026

Influential Chinese House Church Faces New Crackdown

January 21, 2026

Chinese authorities formally charged Li Yingqiang, an elder and the current leader of Early Rain Covenant Church, with “inciting subversion of state power,” according to a church prayer letter. This was the same charge brought against founding pastor Wang Yi in the church’s first major crackdown in 2018. Wang is currently serving a nine-year prison sentence. The church also confirmed that another detained Christian who serves in Early Rain’s outreach ministry, Lin Guibiao, faces the same charge.

Authorities released seminary student Song Haibing on January 19 after detaining him for “obstructing law enforcement by state security organs.” The letter also disclosed the detention locations of those taken into custody and confirmed that deputy deacon Jia Xuewei, with whom the church had previously lost contact, has been detained.

“The use of ‘inciting subversion of state power’ against pastors and church members whose only ‘crime’ is peaceful worship represents a grave abuse of China’s criminal law,” said ChinaAid’s Bob Fu in a statement. “This case illustrates once again how the Chinese Communist Party weaponizes national-security charges to criminalize faith, silence conscience, and intimidate religious communities.”

January 16, 2026

Last August, Corey Jackson of the persecution ministry Luke Alliance separately asked the leaders of Zion Church and Early Rain Covenant Church, two of the most well-known Chinese house churches, whether they anticipated a crackdown. Both said yes, due to a recent increase in government harassment, threats, interrogations, and short-term detentions of its leaders. They expected the new wave of persecution to begin at the turn of the new year.

Yet by October, Chinese authorities had detained pastor Jin “Ezra” Mingri along with nearly 30 pastors and staff at Zion. The prediction was more accurate for Early Rain in Chengdu, as police came knocking on the doors of its leaders and members on January 6, detaining at least nine people, four of whom were quickly released. Meanwhile, the church has lost contact with one of its deputy deacons.

Jackson noted that as churches have changed the way they operate—splitting into smaller groups that meet in different locations and expanding online services—the police have also updated their tactics. “What we’re seeing is more effort from the central government to curb these larger churches that also meet online,” he said.

Currently, police have not given family members any formal notices of criminal detention and refused to disclose relevant information about the case, including the specific charges Early Rain leaders and members are accused of, where they are being held, and the length of their detention, according to a church prayer letter. This has made it difficult for their legal team, who have not been allowed to meet with the detained, to help. Earlier, authorities had said they were suspected of “national security-related crimes.”

“We are not arrested for ordinary reasons, but because of our faith—and even in these circumstances, we seek to bear witness to Christ not only to the world, but also, when possible, to police officers and government officials,” a source close to Early Rain who was previously a missionary to Chengdu told CT. He asked not to be named due to security concerns. “We also believe it is a chance to speak to the global church.”

Both Zion and Early Rain faced crackdowns in 2018. In September of that year, the government banned Zion, detaining Jin and other leaders for several hours before releasing them. Then in December, authorities arrested Early Rain pastor Wang Yi and dozens of other leaders, sentencing Wang to nine years in prison for “inciting to subvert state power” and “illegal business operations.” Li Yingqiang, an elder and the current leader of Early Rain, spent about eight months in prison.

Yet afterward, the churches continued to meet online and in smaller groups. In the intervening years, police would occasionally detain Early Rain’s pastors and elders but typically only held them for 15–30 days. But this time, the coordination and scale of the arrests “marks a significant difference,” according to the former missionary.

Another difference is that this time, authorities not only detained leaders but also their wives. At 11 a.m. on January 6, police arrived at Li’s home in Deyang, Sichuan. They searched his home and took Li into custody. Officers later also brought his wife, Zhang Xinyue, and their two children, a 14-year-old daughter, Carlson, and an 11-year-old son, Xiao Di, into the police station.

At 9 p.m., police officers separated the children from their mother, escorting them back to their apartment, and kept them under surveillance, according to the church prayer letter. The next day, officers allowed them to stay with their grandmother.

“Despite being minors who committed no offense, they were forced to go to a detention facility,” the former missionary said. “This is deeply inhumane.”

As word of the detentions trickled through Early Rain group messages, the remaining leaders set in motion plans to keep the congregation informed, meet the concrete needs of the families of the detained, and ensure that small group gatherings and online services would continue uninterrupted. They called for a day of fasting and prayer among church members while also sending out public prayer letters that have been shared widely on social media.

They’re also providing practical help. After tracking down where authorities are holding the detained, members are sending packages full of food and clothing. They are delivering homemade meals and checking in on the families of the detained, including the pregnant wife of Dai Zhichao, a preacher at Early Rain who is currently being held in Deyang City detention center.

Beyond those arrested, other church members have also been affected by the crackdown. In the days following the initial arrest, police summoned many of the church members for questioning and placed some under surveillance. In one case, authorities beat church member Chen Yunfei at the entrance of his residential compound, warning him not to speak out on the social media site X anymore. The beating left him with bleeding and swelling in his face, and he needed to get four stitches above his eyebrow.

On Sunday, several church members said police placed them under surveillance and prevented them from leaving their homes to attend church. Community workers told them they had to report their whereabouts daily. But most members were able to gather as they had in the past—in small groups watching an online service. One of the other leaders preached on the Book of Luke in lieu of Li.

“Our approach is this: No matter what happens, we continue with expository preaching,” the former missionary said. “We do not make these events the center of the church’s preaching; rather, we allow the direction of the biblical text to guide how we understand the current environment of persecution. We will, of course, apply the Scriptures to this persecution and share with the congregation the situations facing the affected families.”

Sunday was supposed to be Li’s last time preaching before going on a three-month sabbatical to provide rest as his wife suffers from depression. Instead, “God has now placed him in prison for his rest,” the former missionary said.

Currently, Early Rain has 600 members split into three congregations. Despite the regular harassment the church has faced, it has continued to grow since the 2018 crackdown, Jackson said.

Members facing detention or police interrogation for the first time are worried and frightened. “No matter how much one prepares, we are always underprepared,” the former missionary said. Meanwhile, those who have experienced it before know that “while inside [the police station], they experienced shock and fear, but also God’s grace and protection.”

Early Rain came onto the Chinese government’s radar as it grew in prominence with a large church in Chengdu, a classical Christian school, a growing seminary, a pro-life ministry, and a ministry to the families of political dissidents. Wang, a former lawyer, was also outspoken about the government persecution of house churches and called for President Xi Jinping to repent for his sins.

In Wang’s 2018 Declaration of Faithful Disobedience, which the church published 48 hours after his detention, the pastor affirms his respect for government authority as permitted by God but argues that when the state opposes the gospel and interferes with the church, Christians must practice nonviolent, faith-based disobedience.

The former missionary countered the government’s claims that Early Rain was engaging in politics. “We are not engaging in politics; rather, it is the government’s politics that have entered the church,” he said.

The preparations Early Rain had made for a crackdown like this has helped it practically and spiritually. In 2022, Li and Zhang recorded a short video of themselves singing a hymn for their children in case of future arrest.

“Carlson, Xiaodi: If there comes a time when you cannot see Mom and Dad, remember the song we are singing today,” Li said.

They then sang the hymn “As the Mountains Surround Jerusalem” while smiling at the camera: “As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so the Lord surrounds his people. The Lord watches over you and protects you, from this time forth and forevermore.”

Update (January 29, 2026): CT’s sources provided additional information on the detention of Lin Guibiao.

- More from Joy Ren

History

Through a Storm of Violence

Daniel Silliman

In 1968, CT grappled with the Vietnam War and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy.

Illustration by Christianity Today / Source Images: Getty, CT Archives

Vietnam violence escalated in 1968 when Communist fighters on a national holiday launched a surprise attack, the Tet Offensive. CT reported on the six American missionaries killed in the fighting.

A blast shattered the calm of the warm tropical night. The tan-walled house, one of three in the Christian and Missionary Alliance compound at Ban Me Thuot, was blown apart. Killed immediately was mission worker Leon Griswold, a retired insurance man from White Plains, New York. His daughter Carolyn, 41, was badly hurt. The local Viet Cong had begun their part of the bloody Tet lunar New Year offensive.

Missionaries in the adjoining residences nursed Miss Griswold through the next day. The Rev. Robert Ziemer and the Rev. C. Edward Thompson realized they were vulnerable to more attacks, even though their concrete buildings were virtually within earshot of American military outposts. They dug a trench out of a garbage pit, just big enough for the whole staff to huddle down for the night.

As expected, the Viet Cong blew up the other two homes. When daylight broke, the two men decided they would appeal to the Viet Cong to get Carolyn to a hospital. They were shot dead on the spot. Then the guerrillas strafed the trench, killing Thompson’s wife and 42-year-old Ruth Wilting, a nurse from Cleveland. …

The Viet Nam war has many peculiarities, and one is that missionary activity has continued despite the military escalation. There have been few wars in which organized evangelistic effort has been carried on as aggressively as it is in this one. Says the Rev. Louis L. King, foreign secretary of the CMA, which has done the bulk of the Viet Nam missionary work: “Far from sounding the death knell to evangelism, the war has opened new doors of remarkable opportunity, and people are generally more responsive than they were.”

In April, CT reported on the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and tried to calculate the national consequences of the loss.

Rarely had a clergyman so shaken a nation.

“I have seen the promised land,” said the gifted orator Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the night before he was shot. But his death carried no promise, only ironic dramatization of the impasse between races in America today, for a paroxysm of rioting, looting, arson, and murder in dozens of cities constituted a violent aftermath as senseless as the slaying in Memphis. A machine gun on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, D. C., symbolized the nation’s barely concealed terror over what the coming weeks—and years—would bring. …

Although he was in the public eye only a dozen years, the 39-year-old Baptist minister at his death was probably the American most admired in many other nations. At home his power and glory were on the wane. The 1966 Chicago drive failed to yield lasting results. Newsmen saw his Washington Poor People’s Campaign as a last lunge to outflank militant black separatists, reaffirm the philosophy of effective nonviolence, and reassert King’s civil-rights leadership.

What that campaign, scheduled to begin this week, would have done to King’s movement is impossible to guess now. But friends and foes alike were edgy when a King-led march in the Memphis garbagemen’s strike degenerated into lawlessness, just days before the murder.

King lived daily with the knowledge that he was marked for death. When it came, its violence set in bold relief the tragic predicament of the nation.

Founding editor L. Nelson Bell—always critical of efforts to push racial integration—blamed King for his death. Even though the Civil Rights Movement was nonviolent, Bell said “civil disobedience, seemingly so innocent, has brought in an era of lawlessness and bloodshed.” The lead editorial in the magazine called King’s death a “brutal and outrageous murder” and mourned the apparent failure of the movement he led.

Avowedly as an apostle of nonviolence, King courageously led the struggle against racism. He disowned arrogant concepts of black power but encouraged nonviolent civil disobedience in the name of “higher moral law.”

King was under increasing constraint to intensify the coercive force of his protest to secure swift social change. In the last article he wrote before he was slain he said, “The tactic of nonviolence … has in the last two years not been playing” a transforming role (Look, April 16 issue). He blamed “white racism” for dividing America and asserted that “we need, above all, effective means to force Congress to act resolutely.” His program called for a series of summer “mass nonviolent protests” beginning in Washington, D. C. …

At the same time, legal structures create only the formal possibility of a just society. Desperately needed is a cultivation in American life of the simple Christian virtues of love of neighbor, good will toward men, and a spirit of reconciliation. Here the evangelical churches—if they can find the courage—stand remarkably positioned to reach across racial lines and encourage a new spirit of brotherhood. … The task of the Christian community is to rescue those who are slowly dying of the prejudice and hopelessness that leaves men strangers to the full dignity of human nature as God intends it.

Evangelicals found hope on college campuses in 1968. CT reported that Christians were witnessing to hippies, and the “flower children”—who had once dropped out of society to pursue peace, love, sex, drugs, and music—were turning to faith in Jesus.

Ask Southern Baptist evangelist Arthur Blessit, 27, who runs “His Place,” a coffeehouse on Hollywood’s Sunset Strip. Or converted hippie Ted Wise, 30, who heads “The Living Room,” an evangelical beachhead in San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district.

Sunset Strip clubs and sidewalks are clogged nightly with thousands of teens, including each night some 500 who jam into “His Place” for free coffee and sandwiches, gospel “rock, folk, and soul” tunes, and midnight sermons. Result: “Five or six receive Christ every night,” reports Blessit.

Blessit, who believes in “taking the gospel where the action is,” has also scored conversions among the “booze, dope, and sex” clientele at the famed Hollywood-A-Go-Go club during by-popular-demand Tuesday-night shows. His program: “groovy music, testimonies of ‘name’ Christians and former drug-users, and my messages—with no pulled punches.” His associate, Leo Humphrey, 33, recently led club coowner Rose Gazzarri to Christ.

Editor in chief Carl F. H. Henry shared his conversion testimony in 1968.

God stabbed my conscience that night and pinned me to the ground with a fiery bolt of lightning. … I was a newspaperman preoccupied with man’s minutiae when God tracked me down; the Word was pursuing a lost purveyor of words. In this encounter, my own semantic skill meant little. When, shortly after the Almighty One had used lightning to pierce my soul, a university graduate prodded me to pray, I found myself at a loss for words. There I was, a Long Island editor and suburban correspondent quite accustomed to interviewing the high and mighty of this world, yet wholly inept at formulating phrases for the King of Glory. …

My altar rail was the front seat of my automobile; we parked it beside the waters of Great South Bay, locked the doors, and knelt to pray. Phrase by phrase I repeated the words of my friend. … Somewhere in the echoes of eternity I heard the pounding of hammers that marked the Saviour’s crucifixion in my stead.

The presidential campaign heated up that summer—and there was more violence. Robert F. Kennedy, younger brother of the president assassinated just five years before, was himself assassinated. Billy Graham told CT he cried.

Evangelist Billy Graham said he learned of the tragedy when a friend called him at four in the morning. Graham said he then spent several hours in meditation and prayer.

“I don’t weep often,” the evangelist declared, “but today in this beautiful sunshine I wept … for the country that has declined so much in its morality and spirituality.” Graham said the Kennedy shooting “is symbolic of what is happening throughout the country and much of the world.”

CT editors tried to grapple with that symbolism and the grim reality of a nation wracked by political violence.

The American dream is turning into a nightmare. The stunning shock will serve the nation best if the initial disbelief yields a new awareness that the American temper is changing. “The world has gone mad,” remarked Senator Henry Jackson, when informed of the assault on Kennedy. But the grim fact that madness now stalks the streets from Washington to Los Angeles, in a land that long has been a symbol of hope around the world, compounds the tragedy. The worsening crime rate and widening violence in America can only add to the spirit of contemporary despair.

We extend Christian sympathy to the Kennedy family and urge the prayers of believers everywhere in their behalf.

CT looked at the campaign of another candidate for the White House in 1968, publishing a report on Christian support for George Wallace, champion of the “Jim Crow” laws segregating people by race.

The latter-day Crusade of avowed segregationist Wallace has taken on the tinge of a religion—a civil religion, to be sure. A young Birmingham minister who has watched the numerous Wallace drives in Alabama describes the White House bid as “a campaign with messianic ring.” Wallace, he explains, seeks to present himself as the saviour of the United States, a prince of hope, swinging his broad sword in a holy war against evil. …

But the Southern Committee on Political Ethics headed by former Southern Baptist President Brooks Hays charged this month that the Wallace candidacy is based on fear and hostility and racial conflict, and that Wallace has “welcomed the support of many acknowledged and outspoken racists and has given them and their views a platform and a legitimacy they could not otherwise have achieved.”

Wallace won more than 9 million votes and carried majorities in five states. Electoral victory went to Republican Richard Nixon, a former vice president. CT noted he received an unofficial endorsement from Billy Graham.

Evangelist Billy Graham said in Dallas five days before the election that he had voted for Nixon by absentee ballot. …

The evangelist, probably the nation’s best-known and most-respected clergyman, said he would make no speeches for Nixon. “I am trying to avoid political involvement. Perhaps I have already said too much, but I am deeply concerned about my country. It is hard to keep quiet at a time like this. I feel like this is going to be the most important election in American history.” …

Graham said he had come out for Eisenhower in 1952. In 1964 “everybody knew by implication that I was for Lyndon Johnson,” he said, recalling that the two went to church together the Sunday before the election. In the two weeks before that election, Graham got 1.2 million telegrams urging him to endorse either Johnson or Barry Goldwater. His 1968 statement drew about 200 complaint letters, compared to about 60,000 letters his office receives daily.

Graham was happy for Nixon’s election but also said, “I almost feel sorry for the next president, because he will be heading into the eye of a hurricane.” At the end of 1968, CT attempted to describe the storm.

It will take the greatest kind of leadership to reweave these holes and unite the country once again. To this end the President-elect deserves the support of every American and the prayers of each believer.

Nixon … faces the burden of unprecedented problems at home and abroad. … With all these problems on the horizon, it becomes altogether fitting and proper to underline the conviction that the root of human turmoil is theological. As leader of the free world Nixon will need to exert all due influence to treat the symptoms, and his office of authority is ordained of God to do so. But it is left to the churchmen of America, clerical and lay, to address the spirit of man to the end that he will see his need of divine grace and yield to the will of the Almighty.

Americans found a reason to look up at the end of 1968. Three astronauts “slipped the surly bonds of earth” and flew a spaceship to an orbit around the moon. They broadcast from there on Christmas Eve and included a reading from chapter one of Genesis 1. CT’s news editor wished them well.

The biblical writers invite man to study the wonders in the skies as tributes to God’s handiwork. And the Apostle Paul declares under inspiration that “God chose to reconcile the whole universe to himself, making peace through the shedding of his blood upon the cross—to reconcile all things, whether on earth or in heaven, through [Christ] alone” (Col. 1:20, NEB).

The noted English Bible scholar F. F. Bruce says that “the more that men discover about the universe of God, the more cause they have for admiring his wisdom and power.” …

In the past God has used the heavens as an instrument to bridge the gap between men and himself (e.g., the Star of Bethlehem). Surely we can pray, “Lord, do it again.” …

All of which is to say that some of us are for you. Bon voyage. In the name of the One who traveled farthest.

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Ideas

We Are Risking the Legacy of the Civil Rights Generation

Justin Giboney

Contributor

All is not lost. But Christians must regain our distinctiveness and reclaim our moral clarity.

A man with a straw hat walks with others on the Selma to Montgomery marches held in support of voter rights in late March of 1965.

Robert Abbott Sengstacke / Getty

Trials dark on ev’ry hand and we cannot understand
All the ways that God would lead us to that blessèd Promised Land,
But he guides us with his eye, and we’ll follow till we die,
For we’ll understand it better by and by. —Charles Tindley

In the song “We’ll Understand It Better By and By,” the eminent pen of the Black Methodist minister and composer Charles Tindley tells how to reconcile the reality of the Christian life to divine mystery. Find peace in the face of unanswered questions, Tindley wisely advises, and contentment even when stricken by struggles without clear meaning.

As a recent conversation between atheist author Sam Harris and Catholic New York Times columnist Ross Douthat reminded me, atheism often has no place for such mystery. It skeptically denies the existence of God instead of coming to terms with the Creator’s prerogatives and our human limitations. And while the believer ought not give up the search for understanding, we can and sometimes must fill the gaps with faith, trusting that God’s timing is more fruitful than our immediate gratification.

But thankfully, the Christian life isn’t all mystery. God has revealed the truths necessary for a meaningful, just, and moral life (Eph. 3:3–5). Moreover, there are moments in time when God reveals his beauty and character through humanity with striking clarity. There are moments when he blesses us with an unmistakable expression of his ways and his response to human brokenness. On occasion, like Saul’s spellbinding encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus, God melts the fog and shakes us out of our slumber with an inescapably vivid representation of his form in the public square.

I believe the Civil Rights era was one of those rare moments. Reading about love, humility, courage, and fortitude is one thing, but here, through the Civil Rights generation, God offered the world a living proof of concept.

For anyone who earnestly wanted to know how to face wickedness, here was God roaring what love of neighbor, love of enemy, and soldiering for the Lord and for liberation look like today. God used imperfect believers as a beacon of moral clarity. We might debate the efficacy of integration and other activism strategies or policy goals, but the Christlike spirit of the movement—and the gospel message in its oratory, demeanor, and tactics—were crystal clear.

America is still very much in need of that kind of conscience and moral anchor today, not least as this administration makes a spectacle out of the pain of immigrants. However, I can’t help but fear that those who’ve claimed the Civil Rights mantle are squandering that extraordinary legacy. I fear that much of Christian social engagement has taken an ill-advised turn. Our moral clarity has become murky and double-minded.

One challenge is a loss of Christian distinctiveness. The Civil Rights generation always worked with people who were not Christians—which is good—yet led with confidence and an unapologetically gospel-centered value system. The redemptive nature of their Christian ethic was clearly different from the ethic of contemporaries like Barry Goldwater or Harvey Milk. But much of today’s engagement has become so entangled with secular progressivism that it’s difficult to tell the two apart.

While justice-oriented Christians tend to be a step or two behind secular activists in their agendas, they’ve adopted their allies’ rhetoric and worldview. I’ve personally had to debate other Christians about why the nuclear family is a good thing and why it’s the center of the extended family, which is also important. If the secular left despises all traditional viewpoints, some Christians are all too inclined to follow suit. If other political progressives treat their political opposition with contempt, some Christians thoughtlessly join them.

A core part of the problem was captured by theologian David F. Wells in his 1994 book, No Place for Truth: Or Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology?. In too many Western churches, he said, there’s been a “shift from God to the self as the central focus.”

Accordingly, some Christians’ public engagement has abandoned a sound theological foundation for a more religiously ambiguous approach focused on self-expression. The freedom to enjoy our God-given, inalienable rights through racial and economic justice has been mashed together with the freedom to indulge the flesh without cultural opposition or critique. The rightful freedom that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference fought to secure has been conflated with the sinful license of the sexual revolution.

This is not the moral clarity of the Civil Rights generation—nor is it an orthodox embrace of divine mystery. When the Christian left authorizes liberties that the Bible clearly prohibits, often sins of the flesh (Gal. 5:19–21), it is not understanding God’s will better by and by. It is jettisoning the authority of Scripture to embrace an ideological agenda.

And once a Christian movement isn’t fully aligned with the Bible, what’s the authority for its work? What dictates its principles? Is it the spirit of the day? Algorithms? Tindley’s song rightly recognized that humanity’s knowledge is incomplete, and, therefore, we’re mistaken in following our own ways (Prov. 3:5–6). Like the Civil Rights generation that followed him, Tindley was committed to following God through his Word and Spirit. Are we?

In No Place for Truth, Wells also called out the inability of some Christians to “think incisively about the culture.” This too remains a timely warning. I’ve found many of my peers are more comfortable being apologists for popular American culture than thoughtfully critiquing its excesses. We’ll defend our favorite influencer from Christian critique but won’t defend everyone else from that influencer’s lewd messages. We’ll call out rappers for aligning with the wrong political group quicker than we’ll call them out for encouraging debauchery.

Nannie Helen Burroughs, a Black Christian who advocated for women’s rights in the early 20th century, once askedwhat “our brand of Christianity and … the Church [is] for” if we can’t be moved to tackle human degeneracy. Christians cannot refuse to expose the darkness in the culture with love and truth (Eph. 5:8–14). We do not have to neglect biblical standards of personal morality—including chastity, modesty, and self-control—to fight for racial and economic justice.

There is a legacy of faithfulness to preserve here, and it is incumbent on us to preserve it. How could we fail to imitate and honor as excellent a display of God’s character as the Civil Rights Movement? How can we stand to lose the plot of a story told in such bright and definite terms? This kind of fumble is disheartening—but not new. After all, Israel lost the Book of the Law, and disciples denied Jesus while he was still alive (2 Kings 22–23; Luke 22:54–62).

Now as then, all is not lost. But Christians must regain our distinctiveness and reclaim our moral clarity. What we don’t understand should humble us, but when God shines his light clearly in a historical moment, we must seize that understanding, hold on to it, and build upon it. And when we do, God might just use us to shock the conscience of the world by and by.

Justin Giboney is an ordained minister, an attorney, and the president of And Campaign, a Christian civic organization. He’s the author of Don’t Let Nobody Turn You Around: How the Black Church’s Public Witness Leads Us out of the Culture War.

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Books

Review

Authority Is Good. But Whose Authority?

Andrew Wilson

Columnist; Contributor

Three books on theology to read this month.

Illustration by Christianity Today

This piece was adapted from CT’s books newsletter. Subscribe here.

**Christa McKirland, A Theology of Authority: Rethinking Leadership in the Church (Baker Academic, 2025)**

The strongest parts of Christa McKirland’s book relate to the title: “a theology of authority.” With care and precision, McKirland examines a wide variety of ways in which authority functions, from God’s authority over creation to mankind’s over each other.

A lecturer in systematic theology at Carey Baptist College in New Zealand, McKirland engages seriously with a wide range of biblical examples and contemporary scholarship, makes a host of valuable distinctions about authority—executive and nonexecutive, imperative and performative, epistemic and exemplary, structural and charismatic, and so forth—and gradually assembles an impressively clear recurring diagram that summarises the entire argument. At times I would have expected a stronger link between authority and authorization, with the question of who authorizes whom playing a more prominent role. But her conceptual work is clear, rigorous, illuminating, and helpful.

The weaker parts of the book relate to the subtitle: “rethinking leadership in the church.” Those who share McKirland’s more Baptistic, egalitarian, and democratic convictions on ecclesiology will find reinforcement. For those who do not, however, there is little engagement with the relevant biblical material or counterarguments.

What actually happens when we lay on hands to appoint elders? (Surprisingly, 1 Timothy 5:22—“Do not be hasty in the laying on of hands”—is not even quoted in the book.) Is the authority Paul gives to Timothy to confront false teaching really unique, as she argues, given 2 Timothy 2:2 and Titus 1:9 (which are not quoted either)? How are the Old Testament offices of prophet, priest, and king understood and modified in the New Testament? What implications does all this have for sacramental practice? Guarding sound doctrine? Ordination? Church government? In short, McKirland’s book is a good conceptual analysis of authority combined with an underwhelming argument for a particular view of church leadership. It may divide the crowd.

**Charles Murray, Taking Religion Seriously (Encounter Books, 2025)**

In some ways, Taking Religion Seriously is an apologetics book that ought not to work. It feels too short and idiosyncratic to be rigorous and too dense for the mass market. The author is a deeply controversial public intellectual who has “yet to experience the joys of faith” and talks more about paranormal phenomena, near-death experiences, and the Shroud of Turin than you might expect.

Much of the book consists of arguments drawn from other writers who have addressed such subjects with more expertise—Francis Collins, Martin Rees, Rodney Stark, C. S. Lewis, Richard Bauckham, Tim Keller, and so forth—and those who have read a lot of apologetics will find nothing here that has not been said before, often better. Yet I loved reading it.

Murray’s arguments are well summarized and the quotations well chosen. He moves quickly and vividly through a series of disciplines including mathematics, physics, history, moral philosophy, and biblical studies. He represents a type of person Western Christians have often struggled to reach with the gospel—a privileged, educated person who has “not felt the God-sized hole” because, as he says, “I’ve been able to ignore it” due to the “unreflective secularism of our age.”

And he writes with disarming humility: “I don’t want to be thought credulous and foolish and get kicked out of the tribe. If you find yourself reluctant to give up strict materialism for similar reasons, try to get over it.” Most of all, it is always delightful to hear how someone came to Christ, even if (or especially if) that person’s journey was very different from our own. The result is intriguing and often heartwarming.

G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (1908)

“I did try to found a heresy of my own,” says G. K. Chesterton in the opening of this magnificent book, “and when I had put the last touches to it, I discovered that it was orthodoxy.”

There are many reasons to adore this book. Chesterton is one of the genuinely great writers of Christian modernity, with an ability to craft sentences and paragraphs that provoke laughter, puzzlement, and wisdom in equal measure. His observations have the familiarity of a stand-up comedian alongside the challenge of a preacher. He is a master of paradox with a purpose, to describe, defend, or debunk. Today, he reads like a critic of modern progressivism despite writing more than 100 years ago. And Orthodoxy is his best work, an apologetic for traditional Christianity that has lost none of its provocative freshness and humor over the last 12 decades.

At its heart is the thrill of Christianity, in contrast to the dullness and torpor of contemporary alternatives. Chesterton’s God is captivating. His doctrine sparkles. His Jesus is every bit as attractive to some and infuriating to others as the one we read about in the Gospels. His ecclesiology is enticing, even when he is poking at exactly the sort of churches I love.

A few years ago, I went through Orthodoxy in a small group with people in my church. They very rarely read old books, let alone old Christian books, and I was delighted by how accessible and fascinating they found it. Do yourself a favor and follow their example.

Andrew Wilson is teaching pastor at King’s Church London and author of Remaking the World: How 1776 Created the Post-Christian West. Follow him on Twitter @AJWTheology.

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News

The Christian Curriculum Teaching Civil Rights to a New Generation

Harvest Prude

The program connects contemporary challenges to time-tested lessons from Civil Rights icons like MLK and Andrew Young.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at a press conference accompanied by his aide Reverend Andrew Young.

Bettmann / Contributor / Getty

When civil rights icon Andrew Young was growing up on a diverse square in New Orleans, just 50 feet away from the Nazi Party headquarters, self-defense was a must.

But so was knowing when a physical fight wasn’t likely to lead to a good outcome. His father, a dentist, taught him how to duck and weave. He also gave Young another tip that would help in times of trouble: “Don’t get mad. Get smart.”

Staying cool under pressure would come in handy many times over for Young, a close confidant of the late civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. who later served as an ambassador under Jimmy Carter when he was president.

In 1964, for example, Ku Klux Klansmen beat Young and other civil rights protestors as they marched in favor of racial equality in St. Augustine, Florida. Despite the blows and taunts, the protestors didn’t physically fight back. Young recalls women marchers spontaneously broke into a song: “You can’t make me doubt him. I know too much about him. I got the love of Jesus in my heart.”

At age 93, Young is lending his name and wealth of wisdom to a new program aimed at encouraging young people to take up the mantle of King and other civil rights leaders like himself to be bridge builders in today’s divisive and polarized age.

The program—called Andrew Young Higher Education Initiative—teaches students about the formative principles of nonviolence, belief in the dignity of human life, and other formative principles of the Civil Rights Movement. It encourages students to wrestle with the central role Christianity played in the movement and challenges them to consider how nonviolent principles can inform our response to today’s challenges. The latter, facilitators note, is increasingly important amid rising political violence.

The program was rolled out last summer as a weeklong intensive for college students at Anderson University, a private Christian college in South Carolina. About 50 students from the school participated in the initial launch. This year, the facilitators are aiming to attract 500 participants as they expand their work to other colleges and universities, with a focus on reaching Christian campuses and historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs).

“This is a moment where God’s people absolutely have to be an example, because we’re the only ones with an answer,” said Matthew Daniels, a professor of law and human rights at Anderson University and co-creator of the program named after Young. The initiative was also developed by Anthony Jones, the chair of the HBCU Committee of the College Board, which creates and administers standardized tests.

Daniels and Jones initially developed a guide that is being used by the South Carolina Department of Education to help teachers provide similar lessons. Other states, including Texas and Tennessee, have used South Carolina’s curriculum.

That success led Young to create a Bible Study for K-12 students and published by HarperChristian Resources and Urban Ministries, Inc. Christian rapper Lecrae; United States Senate chaplain Barry Black, who is Seventh-day Adventist; and other Christian public figures are featured as teachers in the program’s curriculum. The Bible study material became the basis for the Ambassador Young Fellowship.

Last year, the Anderson students used the curriculum to learn about the history of the Civil Rights Movement. They also visited King’s house in Atlanta, and, for one of their assignments, authored a version of King’s “I Have a Dream” speech focused on current events.

It’s no secret that biblical principles powered much of the Civil Rights Movement. Young recalls that whenever he wasn’t in some kind of demonstration, everyone “was going to church every day” to learn about nonviolence, listen to preaching, and sing hymns.

Young still believes the church holds the key for addressing many of the challenges America faces, including a renewal of vitriol he’s seen toward racial minorities in recent years: “It’s really the only force we got,” he told CT. Daniels agrees.

“Students, including those in this program, are understandably and rightly deeply concerned about the world they’re inheriting,” Daniels said. Adults scream at each other on cable news, fight at school board meetings, or shoot up political rallies. Meanwhile, social media embeds divisions even deeper, and the news cycle often trends negative.

“No one is giving [students] a road map for how to fix the problem,” Daniels added. “Our secular cultural institutions are out of answers at best. At worst, they’re pouring gas on the flames.”

Of particular concern is a tide of political violence. In September, Americans witnessed the assassination of conservative political activist Charlie Kirk. Just a few months prior, a Democratic Minnesota lawmaker and her husband were gunned down at their home in a northern Minneapolis suburb. President Donald Trump was also the target of assassination attempts during the 2024 presidential campaign.

Americans are concerned about the trend. Pew Research Center found in October that 85 percent of Americans thought politically motivated violence was on the rise. But it also found that majorities of left-leaning and right-leaning Americans saw the other side as “major problems.”

Daniels said teachings that are focused on human dignity and worth “inoculate” people against ideas that stoke violence and extremism, something he’s seen firsthand in his work as a human rights advocate in the US and abroad.

“One of the criticisms of us has been ‘Oh, you know, Dr. King, that’s so passé, right?’ That’s kind of like saying, ‘Oh, penicillin, that’s so passé,’” Daniels said. “Yeah, it was invented 100 years ago, but boy do you need it when you’re sick.”

His hope is Christians will be central to these inoculation efforts.

“This is exactly the kind of moment where God’s people are called to greatness,” he said. “That’s what we teach. It’s a call to them to save the nation, nothing less.”

- More from Harvest Prude

Ideas

We Have Not Read MLK Enough

Sho Baraka

CT Staff

Americans have strong opinions about the civil rights leader but often simplistic notions of who he was.

Jacques Haillot / Contributor / Getty

This piece was adapted from the Mosaic newsletter. Subscribe here.

I don’t remember Martin Luther King Jr. being the paragon of Black leadership in my home growing up. I did not go to church regularly or think deeply about Christianity, where King received a decent portion of his appreciation.

My family’s conversations instead mirrored those of the Black Panther Party. We talked more about Malcolm X, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance than about the Civil Rights Movement and King. It wasn’t until my teenage years, when my father became a Christian in a Missionary Baptist church, that peace, love, and consideration for neighbors became part of our household lexicon. I was a revolutionary-minded young man with a Swahili name, now asked to love the descendants of colonizers, slaveholders, and cultural appropriators.

My view of King back then was like my view of Jesus: I saw both as honorable men who asked their followers to practice the unconscionable act of loving their enemies. I wanted no part of either. Though I appreciated Jesus himself, I had read and listened to enough to know that many of his followers used his teachings to promote slavery and support white supremacy. Then there was King, who, despite being a decent man, struck me as an obstacle to significant revolutionary change.

When I converted to Christianity in college, my view of both changed. Amazing epiphanies happen once you remove your gaze from propagandistic portraits to their actual words. The more I listened to King, the more my appreciation grew. I came to see there is no weakness in loving your enemy, only weak interpretations of the act.

It’s fair to say many Americans have strong opinions on King with weak information. Many revere him. But nowadays, prominent voices are also unashamedly deconstructing his legacy for their own political ends. As those voices grow louder, we—both as Americans and as Christians—should stop viewing King simply as an “icon to quote” but as a complex man who should be studied and known.

In contemporary conversations about King, there are three prominent portrayals of the civil rights leader: King as the “colorblind reconciler,” the “conscious reformer,” and the “civil rights charlatan.”

Many who view him as a colorblind reconciler put emphasis on his teachings of love and nonviolence. They see him as a man who not only avoided focusing on race but also wouldn’t dare associate himself with the contemporary antiracist movement and thinkers of today—primarily, according to this camp, because of antiracists’ race-baiting. But much of the public commentary from the political right, where the colorblind view is dominant, can go in different directions. Was King a champion of colorblindness, or was he the architect of destructive DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion) policies as the late Charlie Kirk and others believed?

Then there is King as the conscious reformer—the view that dominates most of American society. Most Americans believe that King is an earnest leader who instituted significant political and spiritual change and that his prophetic critiques of racism held up a mirror to an immoral democracy. Many also appreciate his criticisms of both militarism and capitalism.

The strongest critique of this view, however, comes from leftists who argue King’s methods of “respectability politics” did not go far enough. Author Harold Cruse, for example, suggested in his book The Crisis of The Negro Intellectual that Black intellectuals like King are equally to blame for the lack of progress in America. Cruse, a Black nationalist, falsely saw King and others as individuals who occupied their hands with picket signs rather than engaging in radical solutions to America’s problems. He goes on to argue that this approach led many Black intellectuals to get what they truly wanted: assimilation rather than revolt.

Lastly, we have King as the civil rights charlatan. In the spirit of Bull Connor, people who hold this view scoff at King’s Christian rhetoric as pure lies from a communist adulterer. They might say they have finally gained the moral clarity to reject the sentimentality of King’s poisonous gospel. As writer Stephen Prager notes in his Current Affairs article, those who hold this view on the political right “are not just trying to alter the record on King—they have begun to make the case to roll back his legacy.” In a nutshell, they are sick of some Americans pulling down their statues, so they will attack yours in return.

I have little patience for this portrayal of King, especially coming from pundits who put their support behind immoral political leaders and extol the greatness of known racists and insurgents while reshuffling history to present them as patriots.

It goes without saying that King was a flawed human who tried his best to call a nation to repentance. It’s highly probable that he lived his own Davidic life as a selfless servant after God’s own heart. His private indiscretions can’t be ignored. However, as my brother Dhati Lewis says, “The Christian isn’t marked by the absence of sin but by the presence of love” (John 13:35). And I believe King had love.

At the age of 26, King led the Montgomery bus boycott and was assassinated just 13 years later. It’s a complicated task to wrestle down the totality of his short life into an accessible ideology. Like King, many of us have changed or altered our views significantly over the course of 13 years. I am embarrassed by some of the things I espoused in my 20s. People could have labeled me many things. But thank God I have reached a new decade to push new ideas, some of which I will probably abhor in my 50s.

So, what then shall we do with the icon we celebrate every January?

When it comes to King being a proponent of respectability politics, Harvard professor Brandon M. Terry would say, “King never entertained the indefensible respectability-politics proposition that blacks must ‘prove’ themselves fit for equal citizenship. His politics are better described as a politics of character.” That said, it is true that King would consider today’s sexual deviancy as a psychological problem. That, in my view, is far from a radical’s position.

When it comes to the view that King was a race-baiter, that is also wrong. King believed all men were created “equal in intrinsic worth” and denounced supremacy of all kinds. “Black supremacy is as bad as white supremacy,” he said in a 1959 address. “God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men and brown and yellow men, God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race.” Even though he believed everyone was equal, he also noted some individuals “do excel and rise to the heights of genius in their areas and in their fields.” This is far from a cultural Marxist.

King did not wholeheartedly support reparations. But he “proposed a government compensatory program.” He called for a redistribution of wealth in the form of democratic socialism. He often critiqued capitalism, but he stated that communism lacked the “kingdom of brotherhood.” He also believed policies that addressed the poor would benefit the Black population, something that doesn’t fit the profile of a simply docile colorblind reconciler.

It’s easy to say Martin Luther King Jr. was complex. As I’ve been told, you don’t know a book until you’ve read it multiple times. And we have not read King enough. I don’t hope for a moratorium during our latest celebration of his life. But I do hope for people who know little about his actual beliefs to stop speaking with a level of certainty about him.

Personally, even after reading King’s many writings, listening to a plethora of his sermons and speeches, and even writing a musical about the 1968 sanitation workers’ strike which led to his assassination, I still don’t think I properly know King.

But I am confident in saying that the principles he taught and the way he taught them puts him in a class that is second to none. And now more than ever, America needs him. There aren’t many things Americans agree on. If King’s detractors succeed in presenting his public life as a democratic failure, our moral imagination will kick over a pillar that has been upholding an already-faulty house.

Sho Baraka is editorial director of the Big Tent Initiative at CT.

News

Texas Law Aims to Stop Abortion Drugs at the State Line

Adam MacInnis

Neighbors can now sue each other over mail-order drugs. Pro-life advocates are divided on the tactic.

The Texas State Capitol

Brandon Bell / Staff / Getty

Signs and stickers still show up around college campuses. Digital ads appear online, and the occasional billboard brazenly advertises a way to help women become “un-pregnant.”

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization created a path to end almost all surgical abortions in Texas and other states with abortion restrictions, but stopping out-of-state advertisements and shipments of abortion pills hasn’t been as easy.

In 2023, the abortion pill (typically a two-pill regimen consisting of mifepristone and misoprostol) was already responsible for approximately 63 percent of abortions in America. Since the Food and Drug Association (FDA) loosened restrictions in 2021, a doctor can prescribe the pill from another state and ship it across the border into states that otherwise forbid it.

“We hear that there are staggering numbers of chemical abortion drugs coming into the state,” said Amy O’Donnell, executive director of Texas Alliance for Life.

Although exact numbers are hard to estimate, she said, from the conversations her organization has had with health providers, abortion drugs are clearly prevalent in Texas.

“These drugs are circumventing our laws and harming women and, sadly, taking the lives of unborn babies in our state,” O’Donnell said.

Mailed abortion pills have changed have changed the landscape of the abortion battle nationwide.

“Unfortunately—especially in pro-life states where there aren’t brick-and-mortar abortion facilities—anyone at any time can purchase abortion pills online,” said Sarah Zagorski, senior director of public relations and communication for Americans United for Life.

Particularly troubling is the fact that there’s no verification that the pills are going to the person they were prescribed for.

“She could be buying them for someone else. She could be stocking them, or a predator or an abuser in her life could be buying them,” Zagorski said.

A new law in Texas aims to slow the flow into the Lone Star State. House Bill 7 (HB7), which went into effect on December 4, allows Texans to sue anyone who makes, distributes, mails, or provides abortion pills to people in the state.

John Seago, president of Texas Right to Life, was a vocal supporter of the bill, which he hopes can become a blueprint for other states.

“Plenty of states have banned abortion, but there have not been strong responses to the new kind of trend after Dobbs of mailing abortion pills directly in the pro-life state, so we are very proud to kind of lead the movement in that direction,” Seago said.

By opening the potential for lawsuits by citizens, the goal is to stop companies from taking the risk of shipping into pro-life states and doctors from prescribing them to patients there.

The law is unique in that its approach relies on citizens bringing legal action. A lawsuit could be brought by a woman who is harmed by taking the pill, a family member, or simply someone who becomes aware of the pill being mailed into the state.

For instance, Seago said if a woman finds out her partner has purchased abortion pills to try to get her to end a pregnancy, she could file under this law. Or if a woman sends a screenshot to her friend of a website she ordered pills from, that friend could then sue the company that hosts the website.

Critics of the bill, including the Center for Reproductive Rights, have said it encourages Texans to spy on each other.

“It encourages a culture of surveillance, where the things people do in their own homes are fair game for public oversight,” the center wrote.

Seago believes that isn’t a reasonable argument.

“We’re talking about murder,” he said. “That argument only works if you don’t view abortion as a morally significant action. If I were to report my neighbor for abusing his children, nobody would say I’m being a nosy neighbor. They would say I’m being a good citizen, that I’m trying to protect innocent people in my community.”

He said the same should be true for those who report people involved with illegally shipping abortion drugs.

Seago said it’s important to recognize that this new legislation does not apply to women ordering the pills or licensed physicians in Texas who may be prescribing the drugs for use in miscarriage or other medical emergencies.

“Any Texas physician that’s trying to care for women has nothing to fear from House Bill 7,” Seago said. “This is not targeting them. This is really just targeting those out-of-state doctors and activists that are openly breaking our law and just hoping that they won’t be held accountable for it.”

O’Donnell said her organization had some concerns about an earlier draft of HB7, concerns such as women’s privacy and the potential to create “bounty hunters” by incentivizing non-injured parties to sue, but Texas Alliance for Life supported the amended version, which ultimately passed.

“The new amended language explicitly prohibits disclosure of their personal and medical information in court filings, and that’s critical,” O’Donnell said. “We want to do everything we can to ensure that women feel comfortable walking into the doors of a pregnancy center.”

In the version that passed, she said women are fully protected, which is why Texas Alliance for Life was able to lend its support.

“Our goal is always to hold the illegal abortion providers accountable but not to in any way put women under that enforcement,” O’Donnell said.

She said an amendment to deter bad actors was also key. In the final version, financial incentives are restricted. Non-injured parties can receive only $10,000, which O’Donnell said should prevent people from simply spying on women or neighbors, but maintain the rights of women and those close to them to seek compensation from the harmful effects of the abortion pill.

Seago said it remains to be seen how HB7 will fare in courts against shield laws in pro-choice states—laws that protect abortion providers who are acting legally in their states from being prosecuted under another state’s laws.

Prior to this bill’s passage, an attempt by Texas to sue a New York doctor was dismissed by a judge who cited shield laws.

“Shield laws themselves are a new invention that didn’t exist three years ago,” Seago said. “This is a complete legal fiction that they created: that laws that some activists in blue states created can sabotage the law enforcement of the pro-life state.”

He recognizes the response with legislation like HB7 is also new, but is confident that it will be a strong challenge to shield laws.

Some are not so confident in the strength of HB7. Thomas Jipping, who is a senior legal fellow at the Edwin Meese III Institute for the Rule of Law, said it is an unusual approach.

“To use this to effectively enforce criminal laws is very unusual, and we really don’t have any examples of it to know whether it will be effective,” Jipping said.

HB7 also includes 13 exceptions, including that people can’t use the bill to sue hospitals or physician groups.

“It won’t take much for the other side to reorganize their abortion-pill efforts to make sure that they’re done mostly by these groups, which you can’t use this law against,” Jipping said.

HB7 attempts to address shield laws by saying they cannot be used to defend against a suit under this law. Jipping said this may not hold up though as one state can’t tell another state how to use or enforce its own laws.

“I don’t think that—at least that provision of HB7—is even constitutional.”

But he said that’s true as well of shield laws, which undermine other states’ enforcement of pro-life laws.

He believes the best approach would be for pro-life states to enforce their own criminal laws and charge doctors from other states who are prescribing drugs illegally. This would likely lead to an eventual court case over the constitutionality of shield laws.

“That, I think, is a more credible kind of realistic approach, because otherwise what we’re left with is all sorts of miscellaneous lawsuits by individuals in one state against individual doctors in another state and with all sorts of complications as to how those cases would be litigated,” Jipping said.

Jipping said it’s hard to predict what the Supreme Court might consider if a case made it to that level, but a legal battle over abortion shield laws would likely consider the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution, which requires that states give full faith and credit to the judicial decisions of other states.

“If, for example, the Supreme Court would say State B refusing to cooperate or refusing to honor an indictment from State A violates the full faith and credit clause, then that state shield law would be rendered unconstitutional,” he said.

While the full faith and credit clause has always been part of the Constitution, it hasn’t been the subject of a lot of litigation or Supreme Court decisions, Jipping noted, adding that it’s hard to speculate on how the Supreme Court might rule.

Jipping believes, overall, the Texas HB7 has a low probability of being effective.

“I certainly believe that the cause of life requires creativity and innovation, and some of these approaches might appear to be attractive on the surface but in the long run can be more problematic,” he said.

For instance, if pro-life states use citizens filing suits as a tool to enforce laws, he said Democrat-led states could enact similar legislation to go after issues Republicans care about.

“We do need to find new ways to defend life in the womb, but they have to be credible and potentially effective,” Jipping said. “That’s a challenge, but I’m glad there are a lot of folks out there who are working on that.”

Sue Liebel, Susan B. Anthony Pro Life America’s director of state affairs, is more optimistic the new legislation in Texas might help.

“I don’t think it’ll stop it, but I think it’s one more thing to add some caution for those bad actors,” Liebel said.

She said a key factor is whether the cost of the lawsuits will be enough to counter the amount companies and individuals are profiting off the abortion pill: “There’s so much money to be made that the question is, you know, is the risk worth the reward?”

If the bill is successful, Liebel believes it could serve as a model for other states, and she’s heard some are looking at introducing a bill like that in their states’ next sessions.

Louisiana already has a similar law in place. On August 1, 2025, House Bill 575 (HB575) went into effect in the state. Known as the Justice for Victims of Abortion Drug Dealers Act, it allows women who take abortion pills to sue providers from other states who prescribed them.

Zagorski said an important element of this type of bill is that it empowers women.

“Realizing that the victim is able to make these claims and make these lawsuits is an important step of empowerment for women, that they do have a recourse in an unjust situation that they experience,” she said.

As state-level strategies expand, many pro-life leaders believe lasting change must also come at the federal level. Liebel said the best long-term solution would be if the FDA would reverse the 2021 decision that permitted mailing and prescribing abortion pills virtually.

The FDA had promised in September 2025 to look at the safety of mifepristone after new research, including a study of insurance data by the Ethics and Public Policy Center (EPPC), indicated that the harmful side effects of mifepristone were higher than previously reported. The EPPC study found nearly 11 percent of the patients they studied experienced a harmful side effect, including infection, sepsis, and hemorrhaging.

“With the stroke of a pen, they could at a minimum halt the drugs from being mailed immediately while they’re doing their research review,” Liebel said.

Instead, the FDA has opted to delay the review until after the midterm elections.

That decision did not sit well with pro-life advocates.

“It is glaringly obvious that flawed political calculations are superseding the health and safety of women for those in the White House advising President Trump to stall the FDA’s review of mifepristone,” John Mize, CEO of Americans United for Life, stated in a release. “To avoid political backlash in the upcoming midterm elections, advisors within the Administration are acting on a false premise, that emphasizing the importance of women’s safety and direct in-person consultation with her clinician is a political liability.”

Marjorie Dannenfelser, president of Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, called for FDA commissioner Marty Makary to be fired for his handling of the matter.

“The FDA is doing nothing while every single day abortion drugs take the lives of children, put women and girls at serious risk, empower abusers and trample state pro-life laws,” she stated. “The FDA needs a new commissioner who will immediately reinstate in-person dispensing as it existed under President Trump’s first term and immediately conduct a comprehensive study.”

In the absence of FDA action, pro-life advocates will continue to search for ways to address the issue.

In addition to passing HB575, Liebel said, Louisiana has added mifepristone to its list of scheduled drugs.

“That gives doctors and prescribers a strong warning that the drug has potential downfalls for people with preexisting conditions like ectopic pregnancy or other things that they need to rule out before they get the drug, but it also adds an enforcement mechanism,” Liebel said. “If we catch you trafficking in this drug, now that it’s on the schedule, we have additional penalties that we can add.”

She said several states are also looking at ways to block online sales of the drug.

“It’s actually taken the pro-life movement, the pro-life community, and elected officials who want to enforce this into new directions that we have typically been in in the past,” she said.

As much as Seago hopes legislation will cut back access to medical abortions, he knows personal relationships will remain key.

In a way, he said, it’s more challenging to combat chemical abortions than it was in the past with surgical abortions, because instead of going to one central location like an abortion clinic, you’re trying to meet individuals where they are, whether it’s the college dorm room or a family home.

College campuses in particular have become a key battleground where pro-choice activists are advertising places to get abortion pills and pro-life advocates are trying to deter them.

“That’s why we have doubled our efforts on college campuses, because we now need pro-life college students,” Seago said, “not just to be there to engage in conversation and to change hearts and minds but actually to save lives.”

- More from Adam MacInnis

News

CDC Job Uncertainty Prompts Atlanta Churches to Offer Practical Care

Melissa Morgan Kelley

Laid-off employees receive job coaching, prayer support, from local congregations.

The Center for Disease Control headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.

The Washington Post / Contributor / Getty

Waves of sirens pierced a quiet summer afternoon at home. In an area with multiple hospitals, sirens are a normal part of life. But this Friday in August 2025 was different—the sirens screamed in from multiple directions for more than 30 minutes, prompting a scan of our neighborhood Facebook page.

An active-shooter situation was unfolding at the campus of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) just one mile down the road as scores of fire trucks and police cars flooded in from city, state, and federal agencies. The shooter, angry about the effects of COVID-19 vaccines, had killed a police officer and shattered more than 150 windows at the CDC’s Atlanta campus.

Thankfully, no employees were injured in the attack that summer day. But the incident rattled an agency already reeling from 18 percent layoffs a few months earlier. The rest of 2025 didn’t fare much better: a public ousting of its director in August, a 43-day government shutdown, and additional layoffs in October. Challenges to reinterpret and reevaluate scientific evidence continue.

One CDC employee summed up these difficult events by paraphrasing Mike Tyson: Everyone has a plan until they get punched in the face.

In the midst of recent upheaval, hundreds of CDC employees, their families, and the surrounding community are taking stock of a challenging year as they tentatively enter 2026. Christians serving in the CDC are grappling with questions about their vocations and the future of public health as they seek to trust God’s provision. And area churches populated with CDC employees are searching for ways to minister to those living through sustained uncertainty.

Linda Mattocks, 60, had served as a health scientist working in disease surveillance with the CDC for nearly 15 years when she was one of 2,400 agency employees laid off in a reduction in force (RIF) by email on April 1, 2025.

“My entire branch was eliminated,” she said. “We were notified one day, and most lost network access the next.” She expressed concern about the lost expertise and the lack of transition for those continuing her branch’s work. The group’s data management may have looked extraneous to an outsider, she said, but was necessary to understand where disease was present and how to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Mattocks, a native of Northeastern Pennsylvania, began her career in mergers and acquisitions as an investment banker in New York City in an industry that “primarily tried to separate people from their money.” But she felt a pull toward a different kind of career that better aligned with her faith and her desire to serve others, so she eventually pursued a public health degree. “You go to work for the CDC because you want to help people,” she said.

Mattocks was inspired by the way the church has historically used public health measures to serve their communities — from John Calvin’s focus on social welfare leading to the building of hospitals and latrines in Geneva to Austrian monk George Mendel experimenting with peas and discovering the basic laws of genetics.

As the government makes deep cuts to public health research and initiatives, she asks, Where do we go from here, and does the church have a part to play? “If we say as a society that government has taken on too much and we can’t afford to provide public health, is there still a societal need? And whose responsibility is it if it’s not the government’s?”

Living in this uncertainty is hard, she said: “I have more questions than answers.”

Within hours of hearing about the CDC layoffs in April, Atlanta pastor Tae Chin began putting together a church event promoted by word of mouth to reach those affected.

“When grief strikes, it’s important for the church to respond with the loving presence of God,” said Chin, pastor of spiritual formation at Intown Community Church (which is also this reporter’s church), a Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) congregation located just two miles from the CDC campus in Atlanta. “Our immediate hope was for people to feel valued and supported whether they were Christians or not.”

Three weeks later, 30 CDC employees and church members, including Mattocks, gathered over Greek food in an Intown conference room for “Process to Progress,” an evening of sharing stories, resources, and prayer. CDC employees approached the mic in the middle of the room to share stories of being laid off, while others nodded along. The church invited attendees to speak with individuals brought in for support: a financial adviser, a career coach, and several members who had experienced job loss firsthand.

One woman, a 38-year-old ten-year CDC employee laid off in the RIF, bounced her 3-month-old son on her knee throughout the Intown dinner.

“There aren’t many job opportunities for people like me,” she said, explaining that she was reworking her résumé to display how public health experience applies to the private sector. The leap from government work to the private sector has proven challenging for many laid-off CDC employees: “We’re all competing for the same jobs.”

She did not have a church home and was invited to the event by a fellow CDC employee. “It’s great they put this together,” she said. “I really appreciate the expertise and knowledge of the career coaches and financial counselors here.”

Intown Community Church senior pastor Jimmy Agan spoke at the Process to Progress event, welcoming the CDC community to the church: “Given our proximity to the CDC and our relational connections, we wanted to give people a place to grieve and to lament.” The 530-member church includes 35 members who work for the CDC or other federal agencies.

He also wanted the laid-off workers, many of whom went into public health with the goal of helping others, to know their work was not in vain.

“You may be thinking, It’s painful for my career to end this way, but if you went into public health to serve God by serving people, it was not wasted,” Agan said at the gathering.

Just days before the CDC event, Linda Mattocks attended a church service at Intown and sat with a fellow CDC employee who was still employed and shared gratitude about feeling protected. Mattocks marveled that despite the uncertainty she also was at peace: “I am just as protected. God doesn’t love her more and me less—I just don’t know yet how I’m protected.”

In our politically polarized society, Agan expects pushback for holding events like Process to Progress but sees this outreach the same way he would view other mercy ministries.

“I think of it like a church helping victims of a natural disaster, where some segments of people are hit harder than others,” said Agan. “And if people are hurting, we want to help.” But he acknowledges it’s likely some will misunderstand the church’s intentions. “We are a purple church in a purple city in a purple state. But we don’t want to let fear keep us from showing love.”

Chin agrees. He’s heard the argument that it’s not the church’s job, that this type of work causes the church to neglect other important things. “But our work isn’t just to represent a truncated version of Jesus’ death and resurrection,” he said. “It’s also to embody the restorative work of Jesus. The church is to image that today so people can taste and see the coming kingdom of God.”

During the extended government shutdown in October, Intown Community Church used its benevolence fund to provide financial assistance for church members who were federal employees and had missed multiple paychecks. “The church reached out with practical support when people were not getting paid,” said Mattocks. “For some, that assistance came at just the right time.”

She also drew comfort from the weekly prayers of the community group she has attended for the past 15 years and the knowledge that elders and staff were praying for her. Months later, she received surprising news—her entire branch was being reinstated. “The fact that my branch was brought back is clearly an answer to prayer.”

Now, Mattocks is reflecting on the past year and looking ahead: “I continue to approach my work with integrity and excellence and also want to have a different kind of patience to see where things go.”

Challenging times are not unique to the CDC, she said. It’s just a matter of time before we all suffer, she said, and difficulties create an opportunity to build resilience as we trust in God. “Tough stuff has happened before, and it will happen again. But God promises to provide.”

The coming year offers a challenge to keep serving the church body and beyond, said Agan. “Let’s be ready for when the next disaster hits. Who knows what that issue will be? Let’s offer gospel hope to people hurting, along with practical help, and not be afraid to be misunderstood.”

- More from Melissa Morgan Kelley

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Christa McKirland, A Theology of Authority: Rethinking Leadership in the Church (Baker Academic, 2025)

Charles Murray, Taking Religion Seriously (Encounter Books, 2025)

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**Christa McKirland, A Theology of Authority: Rethinking Leadership in the Church (Baker Academic, 2025)**

**Charles Murray, Taking Religion Seriously (Encounter Books, 2025)**