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Introduction | John Sanders 1 | Chris Hall 1 | Sanders 2 | Hall 2

In response, let me say that I agree that "In Jesus Christ, God has spoken against evil and sin." This is no small agreement! Jesus is God's definitive response to our evil, demonstrating the divine love toward us. I agree that God "allows" evil to occur and that God has "acted against that very same evil." However, you, as a classical theist, and I, as an open theist, disagree on the role of evil in God's plans. Since you believe that God cannot change in any respect, cannot be affected by us in any way, and that God meticulously controls everything that happens, you have to say that every evil that occurs is part of God's plan and that each and every evil is for the good. Given this, I wonder how you can claim that God acted "against" the very evil he ordained in the first place. Do you have a schizophrenic God? According to your view, nothing happens except what God specifically wants to happen, so God never takes risks, and his will is never thwarted in the least detail. Hence, you are forced to deny that God genuinely grieves over our sin (Gen. 6:6) since it makes no sense to say God grieves over what he wanted to occur!

Moreover, if God never responds to us, then you must affirm the doctrines of irresistible grace (we cannot reject God's will) and unconditional election (God chooses those who are saved without responding to anything the saved do). Of course, you may simply appeal to "mystery" and say we cannot understand God's ways. To that I say, "A contradiction by any other name is still plain nonsense."

You claim that I subject Scripture to the demands of human logic. Actually, we all use human reasoning when reading the Bible—I do assume you understand at least parts of it. Moreover, your view is not so "mysterious" as you suggest. To claim that divine sovereignty and human freedom are contradictory, one must give the terms precisely opposite meanings. However, you do not, since you believe God micromanages everything such that his will is never thwarted and humans are "free" to act on their desires, but they do not have the freedom to do otherwise than they do. That is, you affirm "compatibilistic freedom" (determinism and human responsibility are compatible). In your view, all God has to do is ensure we have the desires he wants us to have and then we will "freely" do what God has ordained. There is nothing contradictory or logically mysterious about that! However, we, along with the "Arminian" tradition, believe that God does not tightly control everything and that humans have "libertarian freedom." We have the freedom to do otherwise than we did (e.g., a murderer could have refrained from murdering), and we can thwart some of God's will.

Moving on, we believe that God's knowledge of the future is partly fixed and partly left open for three main reasons. First and foremost, we believe the Scriptures teach this (e.g., God grieves, changes his mind). Second, though we agree with Arminian theology on all but two points, we believe that complete foreknowledge of our future decisions implies the loss of our free will. Third, the "future" does not yet exist so there is nothing "there" to be known. Hence, you incorrectly state our view when you say we believe that "God's knowledge of the future is limited." We believe that God knows all that can be known, and to say that it is a limitation for God not to know "nothing" is ridiculous.

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May 21 2001, Vol. 45, No. 7