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The emaciated boy moved along the stalls of street vendors in the northern city of Xian. Furtively retrieving scraps of food, bark, and grass, he looked like a spinning scarecrow. As the boy stood up in a patch of light, people could see he was clad only in dirt. His eyes were blank. Locals call him the "naked boy beggar."

Even in an increasingly prosperous China, the beggar boy is one of millions of poor people. The government, recognizing that it can only do so much, is contravening a long-term policy. It is opening the door to a genuinely private social service sector to help alleviate the suffering.

An estimated 150 million Chinese have been lifted out of poverty in the last decade, but millions of others have been thrown into it. Though the country's gross domestic product has doubled since 1978, the government has let go millions of workers who were part of money-losing, state-owned enterprises. In addition, many peasants are heading to the cities, where there are not enough jobs and social services.

In Shaanxi, the northern province in which the beggar boy forages, perhaps 20 percent of the population suffers from malnutrition, according to the International Labor Organization. There are around 100 million immigrant laborers—also known as "floating people"—and 30 to 40 million poor people in urban China, according to a Chinese government think tank.

Such figures concern the country's communist leaders, who these days prize social stability over communist ideology. Carol Hamrin, a longtime China watcher, said China's government has reason to be concerned.

"There is a lot of anger," she told CHRISTIANITY TODAY. "Social tensions are increasing with rapidly growing income disparities, which likely will surge in the next five to ten years."

The government is not only encouraging the private social sector, but also reluctantly (according to high-level sources in Beijing) asking Western Christians to train the new Chinese charity CEOS.

Team Resources, a Christian consulting firm based in Atlanta, had a trial run at training Chinese NGO leaders in August. The first formal class will begin in December.

The Ministry of Civil Affairs will announce new guidelines no later than early next year. According to "The Eight Standards for Non-Profits," an internal draft obtained by CHRISTIANITY TODAY, religious groups will not be excluded.

Hamrin, who now assists the Christian consulting firm ChinaSource, said Western and Chinese scholars are closely studying the social underpinnings of economic success, and then are coming to some startling conclusions.

"The slogan of this administrative reform—'small government, big society'—represents a significant change of concept," Hamrin said.

Officially, China already allows charities. In practice, however, many so-called nongovernmental groups are founded, owned, and run by the government.

The thousands of truly nongovernmental organizations that do exist operate in a legal twilight zone. While such agencies provide anywhere between 18 and 28 percent of all social services to the poor, they are vulnerable to fraud, legal harassment, and arbitrary shutdown.

Western agencies also operate on the fringes, with some of the same vulnerability. They are allowed to do some work, but not as full-fledged charities. How their role will change is still unknown.

The official who has done the most to create China's charity sector is Yan Mingfu, until recently the president of the government-run Chinese Charity Federation.

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November 2003, Vol. 47, No. 11