Compared to the time spent learning to preach, most seminarians do not spend much time learning to lead worship. And yet, for pastors, the ability to direct a congregation's response to God is essential. Mastering Worship, an upcoming book in LEADERSHIP's Mastering Ministry series, offers the tested wisdom of Jack Hayford, John Killinger, and Howard Stevenson. This article is excerpted from Howie Stevenson's chapter on worshiping through congregational singing.
One of the most magnificent and impressive "choirs" I ever heard had never rehearsed. It was the vast audience that gathered in Anaheim Stadium one night during the 1985 Billy Graham Southern California Evangelistic Crusade.
I had been selected as the chairman of the local music committee and so assisted in the recruitment and direction of a 10,000-voice crusade choir, the largest crusade choir ever assembled in North America, according to Cliff Barrows. A magnificent sea of voices stretched along the entire third-base line.
Yet as mighty and moving as that choir sounded, the most powerful music that night came not from the third-base line, but from the huge, 85,000-seat stadium.
The sound still echoes in my mind, a memory that remains electrifying and overlaid with emotion to this day. As Cliff was leading the stadium in singing the gospel song "At Calvary," I slowly walked out to center field, behind the platform at second base, and standing in the middle of the stadium, I watched the moon rising over the second deck as the power of that great hymn cascaded over me.
"Do you hear this, Lord?" I heard myself saying. "Do you hear the praise of these people?" I was thrilled as I listened to the unified testimony and thanksgiving that filled the air.
To this day, whenever I sing the words of that hymn, I see again the image of that great, golden moon and hear those tens of thousands of voices singing: "Oh, the love that drew salvation's plan! / Oh, the grace that brought it down to man! / Oh, the mighty gulf that God did span at Calvary." I have spoken so often about that event that a friend framed those words for me, and I display them in my office.
That experience confirmed for me again the depth and impact of congregational song. It gathers strength in numbers and unlocks a deeper dimension of our souls. Music is one key to the "heart dimension" of worship, whether we are gathered in a stadium, a church, or a home Bible study. Singing has the power to help us express our feeling for God.
That's why involving the entire congregation in the ministry of music is important. Although the chancel choir, the soloists, and the instrumentalists are all vital contributors to worship, our most important choir is made up of the men and women with untrained voices who sit in the pews.
Obstacles to Effective Singing
Effective congregational singing doesn't happen automatically. Consider some obstacles we face.
1. A shrinking body of commonly accepted congregational song. On occasion, when I have directed music at another church or conference, I have begun leading a hymn I assumed was familiar, expecting the audience to join in. Instead, I often have found most of the group unfamiliar with the song.
In some churches, unfortunately, the great heritage of hymnody, which represents the praise and prayer of the church of many generations, has been abandoned. At the same time, the more popular praise choruses tend not to last, fading out of vogue after a few years. In addition, regional favorites may dominate a church's singing.
We live in a time when sacred music is more available than at any other time in history. Yet, ironically, our congregations are growing increasingly unfamiliar with our rich musical heritage, a heritage that could bind Christians together.
2. A spectator orientation. Singing, which can be such a joy, is fast becoming a spectator sport in our culture. College music programs find fewer and fewer freshmen who are trained and experienced candidates for their school's choral groups.
Having just entered my seventh decade, I recall my days as a youngster when I sat in the front row of a storefront Presbyterian church, singing hymns and gospel choruses at the top of my voice, singing every stanza and every part. We sang outside of church, too. My public high school chorus was filled, and our rehearsal was listed as part of the regular weekly schedule of classes. It was a natural part of growing up to learn melody and harmony-soprano, alto, tenor, and bass.
My upbringing may have been a bit unusual, but it would be nearly unheard of today-the age of Walkmans, concerts, video and audio cassettes, compact disks, FM radio, and ever-present headphones and speakers. The proliferation of these spectator media makes me sometimes wonder, How will the next generation ever learn to sing?
3. Misunderstanding the role of music in worship. In churches, sometimes the power of music is unconsciously belittled. We've all seen music used as filler: "Let's sing a song while the latecomers are seated" or "We have a little more time; let's sing that last stanza again." Other times music is considered merely a warm-up act for the sermon.
When music is demeaned like this, worship is diminished and congregational participation undermined. People won't fully participate-heartfully, soulfully-if they see the leaders treat music as an appendage to worship.
It's a joy for me to work with a pastor like Chuck Swindoll, a gifted communicator who also has a deep love and respect for the ministry of music. We sometimes receive comment cards (from visitors, I assume) that read, "Too much music. We came to hear Pastor Swindoll." But Chuck knows music is as essential to worship as the sermon is, so we give plenty of time to it. Whenever the congregation is singing, Chuck is never distracted, never reading his notes. He, too, is singing enthusiastically, modeling how singing should be regarded by all.
4. Lack of time. If a good sermon needs time to develop and drive home a point, so does authentic worship. Worship needs at least fifteen to twenty minutes to build. In our church, we normally devote thirty minutes to worship-congregational singing, special music, and Scripture readings.
In order to devote that kind of time, we strive to eliminate as many nonessentials as possible. We want to give maximum time to worship and congregational singing. We know sermonettes produce Christianettes, and we don't want to find out what shortened worship produces.
5. Poor acoustics. Strong congregational singing requires the support and encouragement of the room itself. Ideally, the room should capture and blend voices when people sing. Unfortunately, many sanctuaries are lacking in one way or another. In ours, for example, the quality of the sound varies from place to place and from service to service, especially when the room is only half full.
There are ways to compensate for various acoustical problems, but the technical dimension of acoustics is too complicated to go into here. Suffice it to say that it's an issue not to be ignored.
Creating a Comfort Zone
In music, as in most endeavors, there is strength in numbers. The average person in the pews is reluctant to project his or her own voice unless surrounded by a host of other voices. Most people don't think of themselves as singers, and they tend to be afraid of their voices. This can be a handicap in smaller churches. But with the right leadership, even this difficulty can be overcome.
One key is to create a comfort zone for the congregation, an atmosphere devoid of tension, where a spirit of warmth and friendliness pervades, where people are not embarrassed to "make a joyful noise to the Lord."
How do you create this kind of comfort zone? First, by your own personality. If you are friendly, warm, accessible, and confident, your congregation is more likely to respond in kind. I find smiling often and speaking in pleasant, personal terms breaks down many barriers.
Second, by having proper accompaniment. People sing more confidently when surrounded and upheld by a full sound; they don't feel they "stick out." When strong accompaniment provides an introduction that clearly establishes the tempo, intensity, and key, people sing the first lines more boldly.
Choosing the right instrument to accompany also helps. It would be difficult to render the strength and majesty of "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" with a guitar, or even two or three. On the other hand, a meditative response like "He Is Lord" would go well with the more intimate sound produced by guitar strings.
Third, by selecting songs, at least in the beginning, that are easy to sing and well-known by the congregation. A good hymn doesn't need much direction. Examine a great piece like "Holy, Holy, Holy," and you'll find a straightforward succession of quarter notes, a simple rhythmic construction. But within that disarming simplicity is the beauty, strength, and majesty of the piece.
Fourth, by putting some songs in a lower key. I find many songs in our hymnals are written a step too high. When I select a hymn, I scan it for high notes. I try never to force a congregation to sing any note higher than D or E-flat, or an octave plus one above middle C. If a song is written higher than that, I ask my accompanist to transpose accordingly.
Fifth, paradoxically, by giving people permission not to participate. For various reasons, some people hesitate to join in sometimes. Often, when I'm introducing a new song or chorus, I'll have the choir sing it through and then I'll say, "You may not know all the words yet, but feel free to join in and hum along. If you don't know the phrases, just listen to the words, because that's part of worship, too." Then we'll sing it two or three more times. When we give people permission simply to listen, they often gain the confidence to join in, and by the third set, most of the congregation is singing.
Sixth, by lightening the spirit of the group. This may mean injecting a little humor. However, humor can be tricky, even deadly if it falls flat or is misunderstood. We've all seen music leaders try to perk up a lackluster hymn by good-naturedly chiding the congregation: "That was really lousy, folks! Let's try it again." Or, "Let's smile when we sing, okay?" Or, "Think about the words." We walk a fine line whenever we scold or lecture the congregation, even in good fun. Some people can pull it off, and some can't. Those who can't usually only dampen a congregation's desire to sing.
Instead, I lighten the group spirit by moving to a song with rhythm and life. I often reserve a song such as "This Is the Day" for that purpose. I'll say, "Let me sing to you, and then you answer, phrase upon phrase." Then I'll begin, "This is the day," and the congregation will echo, "This is the day." And I'll continue "That the Lord has made," and go back and forth with the congregation, having fun with the song. A song like that can help people loosen up and relax, and they'll sing more heartily after that.
Joy is close to every other strong emotion, and once we've unleashed joy through our singing, we can move quickly as a group to any other emotion on the spectrum. We can be laughing one moment and deeply moved to compassion or touched with grief the next. If we've done our job in creating a comfort zone for joyful expression in song, the Holy Spirit has greater freedom to move among us, speak to us, and change our lives.
These are seemingly mundane concerns, yet they are crucial for powerful congregational singing. I see hymns as sacred folk music. Hymn-leading is not a place for technical artistry, but for simplicity, for enthusiasm, for involving everyone in the worship experience.
Capturing and Focusing the Mood
Many people live emotionless lives, at least on the surface. In the routine of life, few of us are touched at the deepest point of our spiritual selves. Music is an emotional art form, communicating much more than the message of the words. Sacred music especially taps into our deepest spiritual and emotional levels.
As a worship leader, I'm privileged to bring inspiration to people. My job is to take people to emotional and spiritual heights, to show them the vistas and ranges of their faith, to lead them beyond the merely cerebral level of Christianity.
I need to remember that people bring to worship a wide range of experiences, tensions, needs, and moods. One woman carries a heavy load of sorrow, the man next to her a burden of guilt. The family in the next pew had a shattering argument on the way to church. Behind them is a man thinking about a business deal that went sour, his wife, who is planning next week's dinner party, and their teenage daughter, who is daydreaming about her boyfriend. Worship leaders must find some way to focus the minds and hearts of these individuals so that, with true unity, they may lift their praise to God.
Congregational singing is one of our best tools for doing that. And visualizing worship as a funnel helps me channel that singing to a unified end.
The opening of the service is like the wide mouth of the funnel, wide enough to include the emotions and experiences of everyone in the congregation, whatever they are. So we begin with broad themes, with songs that deal with unassailable truths such as the power, sovereignty, immortality, and unchangeableness of God.
With each successive selection, as we move down the funnel, we narrow our focus more tightly to the theme or desired response of that service.
The selection of hymns has a powerful influence on the overall mood and worship experience. I like to think of the array of congregational song as my toolbox. As a craftsman selects a hammer to drive a nail, and a screwdriver to set a screw, I use certain songs for certain tasks.
Some hymns fill us with religious awe: "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God." Other hymns touch us with the love of God: "Amazing love! How can it be that Thou, my God, shouldst die for me?" Yet other hymns quiet our hearts and call us to prayer: "Take from our souls the strain and stress, and may our ordered lives confess the beauty of thy peace." And still other hymns soften our hearts and make us receptive to God's Spirit: "Just as I am, I come, I come."
By the time we get to the narrow end of the funnel, we can insert deeply personal songs-songs that call for an individual response or that make some deep subjective impact. This would be the place for "Have Thine Own Way, Lord," "Open My Eyes That I May See," or "May the Mind of Christ My Savior." Or we might choose two or three brief praise choruses that focus on our love for God-"Lord, I Adore You" or "I Love You, Lord, and I Lift My Voice to Worship You"-simple, expressive, personal songs that people can offer to God without opening a hymnal.
Congregational singing, even though it's done with hundreds of other people, can be a powerfully personal expression of worship. It can implant truths in the lives of individuals.
The point of the funnel is to draw in and unify the hearts of the congregation, to focus the emotional flow of the worship experience, to prepare us for the ministry of the Word, and to allow people to express their response to God.
In the harmony of pitch, rhythm, and lyrics, the congregation comes together, breathes together, and feels together. There's something indescribably moving about a group of diverse individuals who become united by the Holy Spirit and energized by infectious enthusiasm, and then open their mouths and offer songs to God.
I dearly love choral singing; nothing challenges me more. Nonetheless, over the years I've been convinced again and again that our most important choir is the one in the pews.
Copyright © 1990 by the author or Christianity Today/Leadership Journal. Click here for reprint information on Leadership Journal.
