To start with the stereotypes: No, he does not slick back his hair, tremble, or shout. That is the other famous person to come from Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis Presley. Yes, the Reverend Donald E. Wildmon does talk in a rural Southern accent thick enough to spread on pancakes, but he generally does so in a quiet, reasonable voice. With his balding head, his slight, paunchy build, and his steel-rim glasses, he looks more like a pharmacist than a demagogue.
Many think of him as a sweat-streaked, ignorant fundamentalist preacher—a caricature Wildmon rather enjoys. “I’m from Mississippi, which means I don’t wear shoes,” he says with grim irony from his cluttered, windowless, undecorated office. “I’m a preacher, which means me and Elmer Gantry are first cousins.”
He does not preach much these days, nor often go on TV or talk to reporters; most of his time is spent talking to corporate advertisers or cooking up strategy with his allies. Nonetheless, television executives know who he is.
Two years ago Wildmon published an account of his work under the title The Man the Networks Love to Hate—and nobody has accused him of exaggerating. A single article in Playboy compared him to both the Ayatollah Khomeini and Joseph McCarthy. Barry Lynn, legislative counsel of the ACLU, calls him a “catalyst for cowardice” who will lead our nation to lose its direction, “if not its national soul.”
Wildmon returns the favor. He says he does not like to fight; he would rather go fishing. But that is hard to imagine. He consistently portrays those who oppose him as intolerant and untrustworthy. Images of war come readily to his lips. As his son, Tim, associate director of Wildmon’s American Family Association (AFA), says, “We’re the marines.”
“I like the guy a lot,” says Tom Minnery, who heads public policy for the evangelical organization Focus on the Family. “Jim Dobson likes him a lot.” But Minnery, who has witnessed some of Wildmon’s negotiations, acknowledges, “He’s very tough, not a conciliator. His style is more confrontational than ours.”
Donald Wildmon has picked a wide range of fights in the 14 years he has been battling: boycotts and picketing of 7-Eleven stores for selling Playboy and Penthouse; protests against the National Endowment for the Arts over their sponsorship of profane art; a boycott of Holiday Inns for offering pornographic movies to their guests; marches and boycotts against the film The Last Temptation of Christ. Now, through a newly established legal center, his AFA has taken on a California public-school curriculum and is defending Operation Rescue protesters. They define their target as broadly as “anything affecting the traditional American family.” Abuses of the media, however—particularly television—remain at the heart of their work. “Television is the most destructive instrument in our society,” Wildmon says.
A Born Fighter
“He was a really determined child,” Wildmon’s mother told Tupelo’s Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. “If he wanted to do something, it usually turned out that he got to do it.” Sometimes his competitiveness led him into trouble. When he was 15 he was selected for a six-week training course at the Boy Scouts’ Philmont ranch; at the end, when the boys themselves voted on who had passed, he was among 3 out of 35 voted down—because, he says, of his obnoxiousness, not his ability.
The youngest of five children, he was born in a northeast Mississippi farmhouse with no telephone, no electricity, no indoor plumbing. His father raised cotton, plowing with mules. When Wildmon was two, the family had to sell their 100-acre farm after three consecutive bad crops. His father got a job with the state board of health; his mother went back to school to gain a teacher’s certificate, even though her son Allen had to drive her back and forth to classes. The family moved several times in the vicinity of the small town of Ripley, where Wildmon went to high school.
Despite the poverty, Wildmon has idyllic memories of his youth. He recalls driving his car to the town square on a Saturday night and leaving windows rolled down, keys in the ignition. “My only worry was whether it would rain and get the seat covers wet.” When Wildmon is asked what kind of America he wants, he harks back to that safe, close-knit society.
The family was Methodist, and Mrs. Wildmon was convinced that one of her boys would be a preacher. When he was nine, Donald rededicated his life to God, convinced that “the Lord had something special for me to do.” But he struggled to keep that sense of direction, studying journalism for a time in college and spending a miserable stint in the army.
Finally, convinced that he was meant to be a minister, he applied for seminary training at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. He was turned down because of an uneven collegiate record (at well-regarded Millsaps in Jackson, Miss.). In what has become a life pattern, Wildmon did not spiritualize the rejection; he fought. “I found out who had influence,” he says, and got them to contact the seminary on his behalf. When he applied again, the seminary took him. He finished a three-year program in two years.
Still restless, he spent several years on a circuit of small churches and then was assigned a new church in Tupelo. After eight years, Lee Acres Methodist had 76 members. He says he was trying to build a unique church, one with high commitment. “I wasn’t interested in getting people on the church roll, seeing them at Christmas and Easter. That’s not my cup of tea.”
Wildmon poured his excess energy into a small book-publishing venture, writing, publishing, and marketing 17 inspirational gift books, with titles such as Stepping Stones and Treasured Thoughts. He organized and led tours of Europe and the Holy Land. And he launched reformist ventures in the Methodist church, taking on the power structures over pensions and administrative reorganization. Once he tried to interest the denomination in buying two radio stations, but found no one willing to support the venture.
In 1976 he left Tupelo—“I thought I was a detriment to the church”—and was assigned a larger, more affluent church in Southhaven, Mississippi, outside Memphis. He went in June. In December he sat down for a family evening, turned on the TV at the suggestion of one of his four children, and was dismayed as, flipping from one channel to the next, he encountered violence, profanity, and sexual titillation. He turned off the TV and thought about it, then decided to ask his church to sponsor a “Turn the TV Off” week in which members would pledge not to watch TV for one week.
Wildmon knew something about media. He had worked part-time as a sports reporter since he was 16, had done local radio shows, and for some time had written a weekly syndicated newspaper column. To publicize the special week, he put out press releases, feeling sure he would gain some local coverage. He was surprised when his effort gained national attention. For weeks he took calls from journalists all over the country. More, he heard from a surprising number of people who shared his feelings.
“At 38 years old, that little spark [planted when he was nine] was just about burned out,” Wildmon recalls. “I remember lying in bed, thinking, ‘Is this what the Lord wants me to do?’ ” He asked that question for a month and became convinced that it was. In August, he moved back to Tupelo to get started. His mother took it hard: she thought he was giving up the ministry.
With $5,000 in savings (mainly from his publishing business), his wife substitute teaching, and his office in their dining room, Wildmon launched an organization called the National Federation for Decency. He had no affluent backers and hardly any mailing list. His brother Allen was startled when, at the launching press conference, he heard “national” in the name.
What A Man Has Gotta Do
“When I started this in 1977, I thought I was dealing with sex and violence on TV. I’ve discovered we are dealing with a war between the Christian view of man, and a secular, or humanistic or materialistic, view of man.”
Wildmon is speaking to perhaps 15 retirees who gather regularly at Priceville Baptist, a rural church set atop a hill in the pine trees outside Tupelo. He speaks quietly, not trying to convert anybody, only to mobilize those already convinced. Wildmon is just the opposite of his stereotype: he does not trade in emotion, but in information. It shows in the way he addresses this gathering, and it shows in the AFA Journal, which, boasts editor Randall Murfree, packs more words into 24 pages than most magazines get into 100.
“You may think that Billy Graham is the leading evangelist in America, but he’s not,” Wildmon tells the Priceville retirees. “The leading evangelists in America are those people who make the TV programs.”
The theme has grown in Wildmon’s mind over the years. A narrow struggle over TV programming has widened to become, for him, a battle between gods.
He makes no time for small talk and gets no thrill even from pressing the flesh with his allies. What he seems to enjoy is the challenge of the battle. AFA comptroller Forest Ann Daniels, who has been with Wildmon virtually from the beginning, says she would meet him at a softball game, and even then all he would talk about was work. Editor Murfree says he looks forward to times when Wildmon’s car has broken down, because by driving him home, Murfree gets his only chance at ten uninterrupted personal minutes.
Wildmon acknowledges that there is a cost to leading a confrontational movement. “I went through a period where I lost my emotional connection to my faith. I didn’t lose my intellectual commitment. You know in your mind it all makes sense. But here is something that the church ought to care about, and the church just goes on its merry way. A few of your fellow preachers write you letters about love, and hate is just oozing off the page. Nobody is coming to your defense. I’m not entirely out of that period. I don’t know if I will ever regain my emotions.”
People tell Wildmon that the battle for an America undergirded by Christian ethics is already lost. He does not argue. “It’s difficult to explain without sounding trite,” he says. (Wildmon seems genuinely to dislike answering questions in a way that might sound conventionally pious.) “The Lord didn’t call me to be successful. He only called me to be faithful.”
That, when it comes down to it, is at the heart of Donald Wildmon. To use a cliche from movies that Wildmon would probably approve, he is like the Wild West sheriff who has to go out alone to face the desperadoes taking over the town. Wildmon sees something plainly evil in the living rooms of America, and he has to fight it. He knows he is outnumbered. He knows he will need every trick in the book to win. But, as they say in Hollywood, a man has gotta do what a man has gotta do.
Showdown With Sears
When Wildmon launched his movement, he began by visiting network executives, who welcomed him warmly and expressed their heartfelt concern for family values. It seems to have been in this period that he gained his deep mistrust for the creators of television. It was also during this period that he discovered how to get their attention. “I learned when I used a dollar bill, they used the same language I did.”
For decades, Christians have been expressing concerns about the morality of TV, and before that, of movies, and before that, of novels. But Wildmon was probably the first to express those concerns by playing economic hardball.
He recruited volunteers to monitor prime-time shows for their sex and profanity and to keep track of who sponsored the worst shows. Sears turned up on the list, in the number-three spot. Sears was vulnerable, because of their high visibility and all-American image.
He wrote to them. He wrote again and met with Sears executives. When they did not respond adequately, he called a boycott and a day of picketing. He had a mailing list of fewer than 2,000 names, but Sears did not know that. On the day he began picketing, Sears announced they were dropping out of some of the most dubious shows. Wildmon declared victory.
He had found a strategy that he would employ, with variations, time and again. First, gather facts about what is really being done and who is behind it. Second, locate the economic weak spot. Third, mobilize your volunteers to protest. It is a strategy particularly suited to firms selling products to the masses, since they fear controversy.
Wildmon is not troubled by the element of coercion involved in a boycott. He compares it to talking to a man who is trying to bum down your house. “If you keep on appealing to his moral conscience, and just to his moral conscience, you know what he’s going to do? He’s going to succeed in burning your house down and killing your children.” Regarding advertisers, he says, “They may be converted to my way of thinking, they may not. The bottom line is, Are you going to keep putting things on TV?”
Does Economic War Work?
How effective boycotts have been is debatable. Advertisers do not like to admit that Wildmon has swayed them, and some have made a point of saying they had their best year ever while Wildmon was boycotting their products. Even if a boycott does not make any impact on sales, however, letters and calls by the thousand can make a point. Companies that spend millions on their image do not like having people mad at them.
In several highly publicized cases, companies were not very convincing when they shrugged off Wildmon’s significance. For example, last year Pepsi dropped its corporate link to rock-video star Madonna, citing “confusion” between its television ads and the MTV video Wildmon had protested. Pepsi said Wildmon had little to do with the decision. Wildmon said he did not care what they said, so long as they pulled the ads. Few in the press thought Pepsi dropped its $5 million sponsorship over mere “confusion.”
Wildmon also claims to have ousted Playboy from 7-Eleven stores, to have prevented The Last Temptation of Christ from playing in first-run theaters, to have convinced Burger King, among others, to change their sponsorship of TV shows. The networks have dropped at least a few shows because of Wildmon’s protests, and the threat of a protest probably keeps some material from ever reaching the scripting stage.
On the other hand, Wildmon has not succeeded in getting pornographic movies out of Holiday Inns, nor has he succeeded to date in convincing K-mart to stop its Waldenbooks subsidiary from selling pornographic books and magazines. CLeaR-TV (Christian Leaders for Responsible Television), the Wildmon-led coalition of Christian leaders, recently began a boycott of S. C. Johnson and Pfizer for their sponsorship of TV sex, violence, and profanity. It remains to be seen whether a boycott can work when the target is so diffused. (CLeaR-TV suggests activists carry a card listing the 50 products these companies sell.)
When asked about his success rate, Wildmon makes no extravagant claims. He admits that TV has not improved; he suspects, however, that without his efforts it would be a lot worse. Wildmon has made clear progress in gaining recruits. His mailing list has consistently grown, up to 400,000. So has his budget, more than tripling in the last three years to reach $6 million dollars. When he started, Christian leaders would not give him the time of day. Now he finds many coming around to his way of thinking. CLeaR-TV comprises, he says, more than 1,600 leaders and the heads of more than 70 denominations.
Live-And-Let-Live Pluralism
Wildmon is not prone to philosophical statements—he is more fascinated by strategy than by goals—but he is quite clear that he is not trying to build a theocracy. When asked what his work had to do with the kingdom of God, he answers, “Not much.”
But he sees two connections. First, he believes Christians are naturally activists who should express their faith by opposing evil. While disgusted with the liberal bent of his Methodist denomination, he does not criticize their social-action agenda, except to say that other issues like TV and pornography should not be ignored.
Second, he believes a more moral society makes it easier for the gospel to spread. “I’m rubbing a little bit of salt in the right places. I see it helping make conditions in society conducive to the message that a Charles Colson or Billy Graham or somebody else brings.”
Wildmon favors a live-and-let-live pluralism—in fact, that is what he thinks he grew up in—but he does not believe pluralism can work without a core commitment to Christian values. He parts company from conservatives who merely want a free market. “Capitalism without Christian ethics is destructive.”
He says Christians should fight for their beliefs not because they are a majority—that he doubts—but because they know what is right. “No significant change has ever been brought about by a majority,” he says. “It’s always been started by a committed minority.” He cites gays and radical feminists as modern minorities that have shaped the climate of opinion. Christian activists, too, can make a decisive difference. “You give me one million radicals, and I’ll change America.”
The National Censor?
His enemies describe Donald Wildmon as a censor who would like to impose fundamentalist views on the entire nation. Censor apparently provokes the same spine-tingling reaction among certain liberals that Communist once provoked among Republicans. It is used, similarly, as an all-purpose condemnation. If parents protest when schools require their children to read The Handmaid’s Tale, the parents are censors. If Wildmon asks his supporters to write the sponsors of “L.A. Law” regarding a lesbian episode, that makes him a censor. Never mind that crying “censorship” can work to repress speech, silencing parents who want a say in their children’s education, stigmatizing TV viewers who want to press for another kind of TV. According to Bill Swindell, who oversees the AFA’S 600 nationwide chapters, “People say, ‘You can’t impose your values on everybody else.’ They’re really saying, ‘We want to disenfranchise you.’ ”
Wildmon and his staff are culturally very conservative—they do not have much of a sense of humor about religious jokes on “Saturday Night Live”—but the prospect of their becoming national censors from their office in Tupelo seems remote. For one thing, they do not seek governmental influence. The exception is their recent crusade against National Endowment for the Arts’ subsidies to artists, but Wildmon says Andres Serrano (whose photo of a crucifix immersed in urine set off the controversy) can take any kind of pictures he likes, so long as he does not expect the government to support him. Wildmon would not, he says, support a constitutional amendment making it possible to outlaw Playboy.
When asked what would prevent a domino effect, where Playboy and “Saturday Night Live” get eliminated first and then People magazine and “L.A. Law,” so that pretty soon nothing is left but “Leave it to Beaver” and the Reader’s Digest, Wildmon says, “People. People are not going to let it happen. The people who support me, if I go too far, they’re not going to support me. They’ll back off.” Wildmon knows that his power is limited by his ability to persuade a mass of people, and he does not believe America would ever tolerate a genuinely censorial regime.
Actually, Wildmon would like to change America in a way far beyond censorship. He wants to create—or recreate—an American climate of opinion like what he grew up in. He wants an America where Playboy goes broke because people will not support it—will not sell it in drugstores, will not advertise Chevrolets in it, because too many people consider it offensive. You can define that as censorship if you wish, but do not expect to make American spines tingle over it. Wildmon wants to create an environment where people will not stand for the junk they are now being fed.
That would be a remarkable goal to launch from New York or Washington, let alone Tupelo. But Wildmon is a scrapper, the type who is not “reasonable” about the fights he picks. He fights to win, and when he does not win he fights anyway. Win or lose, do not look for Donald Wildmon to go fishing.
