The Man They Made a Monkey

As a complement to our coverage of “The Ten Most Influential Christians of the Twentieth Century,” historian Bruce Shelley highlighted a few of the most controversial Christians of the century. One of his selections is the famous fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan, whose story is a perfect example of winning the battle while losing the war.—Elesha Coffman, Assistant Editor of Christian HistoryBryan made his last impression on public opinion from a sweltering courtroom in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925. He served as an associate prosecutor of the young schoolteacher John Scopes, who had taught the theory of evolution to his pupils in defiance of a six-month-old state law prohibiting the teaching of “any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible.” The ACLU had manipulated Scopes’ arrest and obtained agnostic Clarence Darrow as the chief defense attorney, thereby setting the stage for the dramatic “monkey trial.”At the time many Americans considered Bryan a heroic figure standing for the nobility of the common man. He was, after all, raised in southern Illinois on pork, potatoes, and McGuffey Readers. Not only had he entered the U.S. House of Representatives at age 31, he had also received the presidential nomination of his Democratic party three times and served as Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. He seemed like the obvious choice to lead the campaign against evolution, even though he had not practiced law in 30 years.Unfortunately, in the red-brick courthouse in Dayton, Bryan fell into the twentieth-century cultural chasm between the traditional values of Bryan’s small-town America and the “modern” values of urban America.The trial turned into a media circus, the first event broadcast live on radio coast to coast. Even worse, the famous cynical journalist H.L. Mencken gave blow-by-blow reports in his newspaper columns, fixing Bryan’s name in the public mind as the bigoted Bible Belt fundamentalist.Nonetheless, “The Great Commoner,” as many called Bryan, won the case. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. But the humiliating cross-examination Bryan suffered when Darrow put him on the stand painted the prosecutor as a simpleminded rube (for example, when Darrow pressed him to speculate on the date of Noah’s flood, Bryan snapped, “I do not think about things I don’t think about”). Less than a week after the trial, Bryan died in his sleep.Because both sides had agreed to end proceedings early (Darrow, knowing he had lost, recommended a guilty verdict to save time), Bryan never delivered his final summation for the trial. But two days after his death, his wife released his prepared remarks, which read: “Science is a magnificent material force, but it is not a teacher of morals. … It can build gigantic intellectual ships, but it constructs no moral rudders for the control of storm-tossed human vessels. … The world needs a savior more than ever did before.”Mencken, however, got the last word. His anti-eulogy attacked Bryan, saying it was appropriate he spent his last days in a “one-horse Tennessee village” because he loved all country people, including the “gaping primates of the upland valleys,” and delighted in “greasy victuals of the farmhouse kitchen.” What moved Bryan, said Mencken, “was simply hatred of the city men who laughed at him so long.” He had “lived too long, and descended too deeply into the mud, to be taken seriously hereafter as a fully literate man.”

Bruce Shelley is senior professor of church history at Denver Seminary.

Related Elsewhere

More Christian History, including a listing of events that occurred this week in the church’s past, is available at ChristianHistory.netChristian History‘s issue 55, The Monkey Trial & the Rise of Fundamentalism, tells the story of Bryan and the Scopes trial.Bryan College, founded shortly after Bryan’s death, has reams of material on Bryan and the trial and will sponsor a Scopes Trial Play and Festival this summer. The college’s Web site also has a history on Bryan and the trial, including an assessment of “Inherit the Wind,” the play and film based on the trial.Don’t miss Britannica.com‘s biography of Bryan or the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School’s Monkey Trial site.Bryan’s famous 1896 ” Cross of Gold” speech is also online.Want to know more about the ten most influential Christians of the twentieth century? Christian History‘s issue on the subject (Issue 65) is available now by subscribing to the magazine.Christian History Corner appears every Friday at ChristianityToday.com. Previous Christian History Corners include:Guess Who? | Can you identify the most influential Christians of the twentieth century? (Feb. 29, 2000) An Ambitious Aboltionist Account | In Tim Stafford’s novel Stamp of Glory, the main character is a movement (Feb. 18, 2000) The Caged Bird Wrote | If only CBS had chosen a true heroine for Black History Month … (Feb. 11, 2000) A Cave of One’s Own | Who were the early church’s ‘desert mothers’? (Feb. 4, 2000) For Better or Worse | The Church of England’s current wrestling with divorce echoes its inception (Jan 28, 2000) Out with the Old? | As rumors of Pope John Paul II’s retirement circulate, it’s worth remembering the story of the last pope to resign (Jan. 21, 2000) Roman, Lend Me Your Ear | When a bishop rebuked a Christian emperor, who had the final word? (Jan. 14, 2000) Good King, Bad King | How Christian was the king whose name is almost always associated with the Bible? (Jan. 7, 2000)