Some Anglican Thoughts about Bishops

It is sometimes said that among Episcopalians there are two schools of theological opinion about bishops. One holds that bishops are of the esse of the church, the other that they are its bene esse. The former believe that bishops are essential to the church, the latter that they are not essential, but beneficial. At a recent clergy meeting it was suggested that in view of Bishop Pike’s article in The Christian Century last December a third possibility ought to be considered: bishops are neither essential nor beneficial!

The word “episcopal” is, of course, Greek in origin and means “bishop.” Its use in the titles of daughter churches of the Church of England emphasizes the Anglican conviction that the office of Bishop is necessary to the life of the church. In every Anglican diocese the bishop is chief pastor. The bishop is responsible for teaching and defending the Word of God as revealed in Holy Scripture, for maintaining Christian discipline, and for ordering public worship. The bishop in each diocese is the source of lay and priestly participation in the church, for it is the bishop who admits to the lay order by Confirmation, and creates the ministry by conferring Holy Orders.

Many evangelicals believe that Episcopalians cling to episcopacy because it is one of the ecclesiastical institutions which has been inherited from the English church. But this is not generally true. Many Episcopalians who give some thought to theology are loyal to episcopacy because they believe that the bishop is the living link which binds them to that Church built upon the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ being the chief cornerstone. And they find the origins of episcopacy not in the later ages of Catholicism but in Christ’s setting apart of an apostolic ministry.

In the creeds the Church is described as one, holy, catholic, and apostolic. When these four words are explained in the Book of Common Prayer, the Church is said to be apostolic “because it continues steadfastly in the Apostles’ teaching and fellowship” (Prayer Book, p. 291). The importance of this continuation in the apostolic faith is expressed in a vivid image by the Book of Revelation. In the 21st chapter, John describes his vision of the holy city, New Jerusalem, whose walls “had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb” (Rev. 21:14).

RESPONSIBILITY OF BISHOPS

In the service for the consecration of a bishop, the Prayer Book repeatedly stresses the responsibility which the bishops have for keeping the Church soundly established on her apostolic foundations. The collect recalls that Christ gave many gifts to the apostles, and prays that the present bishops and pastors of the church may also be given the grace to preach God’s Word diligently and administer the disciplines. The man who is to be consecrated must declare that he believes Holy Scripture to contain all things necessary for salvation, and that he promises so to exercise himself in its study that he will be able to withstand and convince unbelievers. He must assure the church that he is ready to banish and drive away all erroneous and strange doctrine contrary to God’s Word and will encourage others to do the same. In the closing prayer, the Holy Spirit is invoked upon the new bishop so that he may receive power to preach the Word, and to be a wholesome example in faith as well as in love and chastity.

A CHANGE OF IMAGE

There have been periods in the history of Anglicanism when bishops have been something other than apostolic. There have been times when bishops have been servants of the state or lordly prelates. The liberal drift of the last half century has given the American church bishops who are successful corporation executives, public personalities, social leaders, or promoters of radical doctrines in politics and religion. But such concepts of episcopal ministry are departures from orthodox Anglican doctrine.

A key to traditional thought and attitude toward episcopacy is found in a quotation from a book by the late Bishop Frank E. Wilson. Contrasting Christianity with the other major world religions, Dr. Wilson observes that “Christianity is fundamentally different from other religious. Confucius left his classics. Buddha left a system of instruction. Mohammed left the Koran. But Jesus Christ left disciples … life comes only from life, it takes Christians to make Christians” (Common Sense Religion, p. 130).

The Anglican churches have remained loyal to episcopacy because they believe that bishops are living apostolic men. As Peter, James, John, and Paul did centuries ago, the bishops sustain and continue the life of the church by their ministry of word and sacrament. Being the living successors of Christ’s first ministers, the bishops have been called and set apart to do apostolic work—to preach and to bear witness that their Lord is the Son of God, that he is truly risen from the dead and is the living and only Saviour of all mankind. And like those first ambassadors of the King of kings, the bishops bear in their sacred office the authority of him who sends them out: “He who receives you receives me, and he who receives me receives him who sent me.”

We Quote:

Our nation—indeed the world—today stands in our gravest time of peril, from the standpoint of human survival on earth. Nuclear, thermonuclear, chemical and biological weapons, and the swift means to deliver these weapons of mass destruction to virtually any point on earth carry grave signs that perhaps the Biblically-prophesied Battle of Armageddon may not be too far away. Many who once scoffed at this prophecy … are now concerned for fear of its validity.

For our nation to come through these dangerous times with survival and preservation of our liberties, we need not only to remain strong economically and militarily, but—above all—we must be strong spiritually and ever seek the guidance of Almighty God. We must be sure—as Mr. Lincoln so aptly put it years ago—not only that God is on our side, but more importantly, that we are on God’s side, individually and as a nation.

Our nation, though richly blessed by God, is certainty not immune from His judgment. Therefore, every American must give consideration, prayer, and effort toward individual spiritual regeneration so there can be no question as to our nation’s being on God’s side. We, who are in positions of leadership, must be humble and seek God’s guidance in determining the course of our Nation. For, it is written in Proverbs: “Righteousness exalteth a nation.… When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice.”—From remarks of Senator STROM THURMOND to the U. S. Senate Prayer Breakfast group.

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

OIKOS

Dear Eutychus:

Greetings from OIKOS House. Nestled in an Alpine valley, this most recent experiment in Christian community was founded only two weeks ago by a group of tourists from Texas. Two laymen in the party were acquainted with recent efforts to escape institutionalized, religionized Christianity by organizing religious institutes for laymen. After lunch one day they bought a chalet and OIKOS had its house.

It is a lovely place in a spectacular movieland setting. Some repairs are needed; new plumbing is being installed through the generosity of the founders, but other work will be done by members of the community. We have been most involved in the planning of our chapel. We gather each morning in the ski lounge where the chapel will be located and begin our encounter.

The experience has been utterly devastating. We decided that tame acquiescence in traditional forms would offer no jolt of judgment and therefore no resurgence of renewal. Another way must be found. What piercingly direct, contemporary expression could be found to bring our existence into the present?

Launching out in a disconcerting probe for meaning and identity, we hit upon psychological drama as the ideal medium. Accordingly, we have fixed up the ski room as Psyche Community Room. A screen divides the Chancel of Consciousness from the Unconscious Nave. A trap door to the basement leads to, or rather from, the Crypt of Libido. The Super-Ego-Pulpit is suspended from the beams by a cantilevered arrangement.

I can tell you I was shaken in our first enactment. It was not a performance, you know. There were no spectators, only participants. What involvement! The howling rush up through the trap door, the wild bacchanalian dance, then the stern tones of the Super-Ego, denouncing the revelry … back, back behind the screen in repression. Then the sallies around the barrier—to the left, by the Aisle of Neurosis, to the right, by the Stair of Sublimation.…

Through it all I could feel the mask of my personality being snatched away. This was no bland formalism. It was real. It was rough. Especially the last time they dragged me down the Stair. When I come home my own analysist won’t know me. Well, as we say at OIKOS, I’ll be encounterin’ ya!

ALBERT IVY

TONIC FOR PESSIMISM

I wish to express my appreciation and satisfaction with Dr. Elson’s article (June 5 issue). Its long-range factual soundness, its healthy realism, and definite challenge are a good tonic against a much over-rated pessimism of late years regarding Protestantism.

F. J. MONSCHKE

Alhambra, Calif.

CALL FOR INSURRECTION

“The Suburban Captivity of the Churches,” by Professor Gibson Winter (Books in Review, May 22 issue) is one of the most vital, scientific and relevant studies of contemporary Protestant churchianity of this generation.

How shockingly superficial, then, is the review by Sherwood E. Wirt, who shrugs off a demonstration of the facts with … typical evangelical platitudes.… I have had opportunity to study several suburban churches with very conservative ministries, and we can be assured that Professor Winter’s analysis fits them as snugly as a new glove. They are as insular, provincial and parochial as liberal suburban churches.

The remedies are complex, and call for (1) a new evaluation of the role of the pastor and a strengthened definition of his authority and prophetic function, (2) a new discovery of the inner city as one of our great mission fields, (3) denominational and interchurch backing for those evangelical ministries that seek to reach all races and economic strata within parish bounds despite the protests of important laymen in control of the church’s life, (4) a translation of the power of the Gospel into terms of evangelism and inclusive social service to all men regardless of their condition, together with a refusal to channel this power into a smug, middle-class individualistic piety.

ROBERT JAMES ST. CLAIR

North Hill United Presbyterian Church

Akron, Ohio

OUR CLAMANT DEEDS

“The Tragic Loss of Our Era” (May 22 issue) enunciated very adequately one of my classroom emphases: the ethical and social results of Christianity fade after Christian beliefs are forgotten, ignored, or denied. However, I have a question: Why doesn’t the “world” realize this danger and dilemma? One reason is, of course, its philosophical bias, and another is the effect of this viewpoint in interpreting the last two millennia of history, especially Christianity’s role in Western culture. But may I add a third? The Church, whether conservative or liberal, Catholic or Protestant, has often lived as if there were no relation between belief and applied ethics. If Christianity has so performed, we can hardly blame the secularists for failing to see this connection. We gave them a dim pattern.

ALBERT E. CRAMER

Associate Prof. of Bible and History

London Bible Institute

London, Ont.

NEO-ORTHODOXY DEFENDED

Your lead editorial “The Logic of Our Mission” (June 5 issue) represents a misunderstanding of my Convocation address at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary last September, while at the same time it reflects a basic error of its own. Because of the misinterpretation and misquotation, I would urge that your readers secure and read a copy of the full address, available for 25¢ from the Missionary Research Library, 3041 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.

Your basic error is the assumption that rationalism in the Greek sense is the only valid epistemology, and that we are shut up, in our apprehension of reality, to the dichotomy of “logic vs. illogic,” with the corollary that if something is “logical” it must necessarily be true. Even science today contradicts this presupposition. This leads to a further error, namely, that the biblical revelation is one of propositional statements, whereas that revelation is one of interpersonal relations: the God of Abraham, of Isaac and of Jacob; the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ who said, “He that hath seen me hath seen the Father.” It leads further to a failure to recognize that man is more than mind, with the consequent deduction that all that is not propositionally statable is necessarily “anti-intellectual” and “nonlogical.”…

The address admittedly breaks new ground, but in a prophetic way, as President Duke McCall said when I concluded delivering it. We trust that creative dialogue will be the consequence, and I know this will be the case from letters received widely from many parts of the world. In no other way can we meet the challenge of our day for the “furtherance of the Gospel”—a challenge thrust upon us, whether we will or not, both by the renascence of non-Christian religions and by the rise of the Christian Church on the soil of all the various cultures of the world.

HERBERT C. JACKSON

Professor of Comparative Religion and Missions

Southern Baptist Seminary

Louisville, Ky.

TASK OF THE TRANSLATOR

Mr. Robinson has used theological arguments to justify his contention that “translations [should] … present our Lord and Saviour with pronouns appropriate to faith’s portrayal of him …” (Eutychus, June 5 issue). He ignores the linguistic problems.

What the translator must do is use the resources of the target (or receptor) language in such a way as to convey the message of the source language—no more, no less, an ideal hardly ever, if at all, realized. Sometimes the target language forces him to introduce more information than is conveyed in the original message, but sometimes less.

The task facing the translator is, in this particular instance, to determine what was the function of the Greek pronouns. If any one implied respect or reverence, the translator is compelled to find some linguistic equivalent. But if no such distinction existed, then the translator has no right to introduce one, regardless of theological considerations.

Here we have raised a question that Dr. Rees could have added to his four queries (same issue): What is the role of language in revelation? (In the total context of human behavior—that is, in culture—what role does language play? What, in fact, is language? And as God conveyed his message to man, how much came in linguistic form and how much in nonlinguistic form? If the Scriptures are conceived as the “kernel” of revelation, how does one reconstruct the total message?) Not until Christians address themselves to these questions, using not only theological but also anthropological and linguistic findings as well, will there be satisfying answers.

Such works as Dr. Nida’s Message and Mission (whose bearing on this subject is lost to some of his reviewers) and Dr. Pike’s recent article in CHRISTIANITY TODAY (May 8 issue) provide the kind of stuff out of which the answers will be found.

WILLIAM J. SAMARIN

Dept. of Linguistics

Hartford Seminary Foundation

Hartford, Conn.

TWO ANTERIOR DECISIONS

Lloyd Gaston’s letter (June 5 issue) was much appreciated. I think the point he makes is one which the traditionally Reformed thinker should keep carefully in mind. I sincerely hope that many of the “neo-orthodox” camp accept the theological inferences he draws from his etymologically-supported definitions of terms, although Bultmann and his followers could not possibly do so. However, I do not think that that type of theological distinction which his terms necessitate is a healthy one for either theology or historical science.

While Barth differs from Bultmann in many important points, yet, theologically considered, the difference is mainly a matter of emphasis from a theologically orthodox Protestant viewpoint. For while Barth and his group can with justification accuse Bultmann of making an “anterior existential decision” to interpret human existence apart from God, both Barth and Bultmann make the anterior existential decision to interpret human existence apart from propositional revelation of … Scripture, the infallible Word.

Should not the biblically-informed Christian refuse to give in to the non-Christian at this point? Should he not refuse to shut the word-revelation of God out of his “historical” (historisch) thinking, holding as incontrovertible that it is the “historic” (geschichtlich) which is the necessary presupposition of the “historical” (historisch)? Should he not criticize “critical inquiry” at this very point and show that it cannot be truly critical so long as it is narrowly “historical” (historisch)? Should not critical inquiry be able to justify itself? And how can it do so apart from the “historic” (geschichtlich) as presupposed? “Critical inquiry” is treated by neo-orthodoxy as if it were absolutely justifiable in its basic intellectual autonomy as well as in its ultimate intellectual uncertainties.

DONALD D. MORELAND

First Baptist

Sidney, N. Y.

PENTECOSTAL WITNESS

I read your report on the Jerusalem Pentecostal World Conference (May 22 issue).… The very first approach to ecumenical and WCC leaders originated with me personally. “The Spirit bade me go” (Acts 11:12) and witness to these men. The first I talked to was Dr. John A. Mackay of Princeton Seminary. He introduced me to others. Then I was invited to the IMC Meetings at Willingen, as observer. From there on out “conversations” became numerous, with persons and groups in the IMC and WCC and other “ecumenical forces.” Only once has the question of “Pentecostal affiliation” been asked, and rejected. On every other occasion the motive for the discussion was the question of the “experience of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit,” and the consequences of this “experience” within Pentecostal circles. There was no attempt to “woo or to win” Pentecostal movements into the WCC. Since most of the larger Pentecostal societies were affiliated with the International Missionary Council, there was a search in that direction for a better understanding and improved relationships on the mission fields, but that was all. Beyond this, I am convinced, there was merely an honest Christian interest in “what made Pentecostals tick” and “should not the historic churches reconsider their position with regard to a present-day Pentecostal experience?”

DAVID J. DU PLESSIS

Dallas, Tex.

NOT EXCLUSIVE TO ROME

Regarding President Kennedy’s Memorial Day proclamation in which he urges the invoking of God’s blessing on those who have died in defense of our country (News, May 22 issue), I would say that praying for the dead is not a Roman Catholic superstition but rather that it is a belief of the Catholic Church, of which the Episcopal Church is a part. The Episcopal Church clearly teaches that praying for those who have departed this life is perfectly proper.…

PARKER F. AUTEN

Trinity Episcopal

Swedesboro, N. J.

For your information prayers for the departed are not a superstition, Roman Catholic or otherwise. The Apology to the Augsburg Confession specifically states that prayers for the dead are not forbidden. The Church of Sweden has authorized such prayers. The late Dean of the Roskilde Cathedral (Denmark), Dr. H. Martensen-Larsen, has written an entire volume arguing for the practice.

A. C. M. AHLEN

Dean and Prof. of Philosophy

Northwestern Lutheran Seminary

Minneapolis, Minn.

BACK TO THE SOURCE

The article “How Great Thou Art” by Cliff Barrows (Dec. 5 issue) quotes almost verbatim certain sections of my publication The Story of How Great Thou Art.… Some of the matter quoted in the article … was first published simultaneously by me and in Swedish (in Stockholm) by one who obtained his information in his own personal interview with Boberg, the Swedish composer, and agreed to my publishing the same in English. From the point where the hymn goes from Swedish into Estonian, German, Russian and finally my own account of how I wrote the English lyrics, this story is told for the first time only in my publication … [which] gives photos of the Swedish author and his home, music of the hymn in its original folk-tune form, verses in 15 leading … languages, etc. [The price is 75¢ (mailed—80¢, 4 copies—$3.00)] and usual trade terms to booksellers are available.

STUART K. HINE

“Carpathia,” Brean Road, Berrow

Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England

IMPLICATION CORRECTED

Your news item in the May 8 issue was correct in stating that Northern Baptist Theological Seminary considers its Chicago location strategic to the interests of American Baptists. So also you were correct in pointing out that there have been informal discussions participated in by officials of the Board of Education relating to the desirability of reducing the number of seminaries by means of mergers. This may serve to correct your previously published item which may have implied that the 35 member Board of Education had itself taken action on this issue. No action has yet been taken by the Board except to initiate the Committee of Seventeen to study theological education among American Baptists. Therefore, Northern has not “rejected” any Board action since no action has been taken by the Board thus far.

BENJAMIN P. BROWNE

Pres.-Elect

Northern Baptist Seminary

Chicago, Ill.

There was a no-doubt-inadvertant implication that the seminaries involved (Northern more than Central, but certainly Central by inclusion) and the Board of Education of the American Baptist Convention had moved ahead to make proposals for merger and/or decisions about new courses of action regardless of the fact that our convention has commissioned a “Committee of Seventeen” to study theological education in the convention and to recommend a denomination-wide program and strategy of theological education. In other words, Central by being included in this article was made to appear as if it was moving ahead of any denomination recommendation or program from this special committee.

While our Board of Directors is completely independent in control, we desire to work in co-operation with our American Baptist Convention. Since many of our constituents saw the implication in the CHRISTIANITY TODAY article, our Board, rather than merely deny that Central had been involved in any precipitous discussions about merger, has chosen to make a definite statement telling our constituency including the whole American Baptist Convention that Central expects to co-operate fully with the Committee of Seventeen, that it looks forward to a denomination-wide program of theological education whether this means discussions of possible merger or not.…

PAUL T. LOSH

President

Central Baptist Sem.

Kansas City, Kans.

From the prophet Haggai to Roger Babson, men have seen that social, economic, and other troubles stem from the realm of the spirit. This word from Haggai (1:5–6) lays it on the line. “Now therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts: Consider your ways. Ye have sown much, and bring in little; ye eat, but have not enough; ye drink, but ye are not filled with drink; ye clothe you, but there is none warm; and he that earneth wages earneth wages to put it into a bag with holes.” God’s ancient people were having a boom which was headed for a bust. It was a story that was old in that far-off day, and even older and sadder today. So few learn. Man learns physical laws and by correct application can achieve amazing results. He may even fly to the moon. He has transformed life on earth beyond the wildest fancies of those deemed visionaries a few generations ago.

Chemical law discovered and applied heals the sick, makes the field fertile, multiplies material comforts and conveniences of mankind. Everything goes well until man tries to thwart law, or allows himself to forget it. The only laws which can be flouted for the time are economic, political and spiritual laws. Affront gravity and you will break your neck. Mistake your chemicals and you will eat and drink death. Mishandle the fields and nature stops growing the seed, the fruit fades and the leaf mildews. In these things, the time is brief between mistake and miscarriage. But in areas of social relations and spiritual concerns the time span is greater because God is merciful. The mills of God may grind slowly, but they grind exceedingly fine; and in the end the greatest damage is done because the greatest good has been refused. The forgotten regulative principle is recognition of God.

Tithing is the expression of faith in God through material resources and possessions. It makes God a partner in business. Most people recognize the relation between God and life up to a point. Life itself is the gift of God. Health is one of God’s blessings. Power to learn and skill to invent both spring from sources deep within human personality where the human and the divine are close together. Tithing translates the confession of faith into the daily pattern of life.

Tithing may be defined as the setting aside of a definite portion of income, specifically a tenth, to be administered under a separate category of outlay generally described as “honoring God with our substance.” This aggregated fund may be literally abstracted and put into a special account. Or it may be handled by simple bookkeeping. Payments therefrom are various. Sometimes it is paid in kind. The physician who serves philanthropies without fees is tithing in principle. The storekeeper who provisions the shelves of orphanages, or “helps out” the stricken neighborhood family, is tithing in principle. Most tithing is the payment of money to appropriate causes, a sum that is equal to 10 per cent of an income.

Tithing has the biblical promise of blessing. What is this blessing? It can be in the form of large gross income from business, farm, or profession. Such it often is. It can amount to a lesser annual income, but evenly received over long periods of time. Or, the blessing may be found in the psychological benefits derived, with modest money intake. Prosperity is the right word for any of these. My great grandfather lived 83 years a farmer and tithed all his life. He said there was never a day when he could not lay hands on a hundred dollars if he needed it. To modern ears this may seem a very modest security, but one day is all we ever have at a time.

Hardheaded people want to know why tithing is so much praised by those who practice it. It sounds like magic to them. They are averse to miracles, especially in business life. Tithing is not a miracle except in the general sense that all God’s care is amazing and divine. And thus, tithing becomes an operating rule of prosperity for reasons such as these:

1. Tithing makes a man consider his income. Setting out one tenth inevitably compels him to see also the nine tenths remaining. This induces budgeting as well as tithing. Budgeting has a wholesome effect on any economy. It is paradoxical but true: money is not possessed until it is spent. Then only does it reach the stream of life.

2. The tither tends to avoid extravagance and self-indulgence. If the part is holy, the whole becomes holy. Where one’s heart is there will his treasure be, and the person who reserves one tenth of his income for God is less likely to play fast and loose with life, health, business risk, or unlawful practices.

3. Tithing provides means for so much good that insofar as it becomes generally practiced much of the reason for governmental spending disappears. Around 1800, England went on to a scheme of public relief for the poor. Scotland did not follow but continued the old custom of parish relief through the kirk-session and the freewill offerings “for the poor.” Relief was more adequate and less expensive in Scotland than in England. The reason was that people on relief at one time might be members of the dispensing kirk-session another time. Money coming from freewill offerings was not wasted either by the dispensers or by the recipients. What the receiver’s conscience did not do the critical eye of the donating neighbor accomplished.

4. Tithing is a prophylactic against depression because it attacks the chief destroyers of prosperity which are luxury and vice. The prophet Haggai told the people that they all had handsome houses but the house of God was still a ruin.

It has been said that no tither ever gave up the practice, but this saying can be neither proved nor disproved. The Bible says this: “Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the Lord of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it” (Mal. 3:10).

We Rend Our Garments

We rend our clothes but not our hearts

As at our shrines we bow to hide

The jaded madness of the eye

That glows in lust to gorge again

On formed and animated dust.

We rend our clothes but not our hearts

When, whimpered through our prayers for those

Who rot and starve, there goes the hot,

Dry undertone of greed—the groan

For self that vitiates the plea.

We rend our clothes but not our hearts

When trademarks blotch our thoughts of God;

For though we mock elite facade

And title—we “accept ourselves”—

Our carefree role is fearful pose.

We rend our clothes but not our hearts:

The hands of Christian brotherhood

We offer, often are thumbs down;

The crown of sonship that we claim

We force on folk as thorns of shame.

MERLE MEETER

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

What is stewardship? What is the minister’s stewardship responsibility? What are the best ways to promote stewardship, and how can it best be preached? What is its relation to tithing? The aim of this article is to seek answers to these questions in order to give practical aid to the minister as he faces his stewardship task.

THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION

The word stewardship is a translation of the Greek oikonomia from which we get our English word “economy.” Thayer in his Greek-English Lexicon defines this word as “the management of a household.”

This concept of stewardship finds abundant illustration in the Old Testament. Every king had a steward in charge of his household and finances, and every well-ordered house had a steward in charge of the master’s money and property. Such a steward was often a slave elevated to a position of trust, and was therefore more than a servant. The steward was next to the master himself as “the highest official in the household.” Abraham had such a steward named Eleazer (Gen. 15:2; 24:2, 10). Joseph was a steward in the house of Potiphar (Gen. 39:4) and finally became the steward of the house of Pharaoh and of all of the land of Egypt (Gen. 41:40–44). Joseph in turn had a steward in charge of his own household (Gen. 43:19).

Stewards are also mentioned in the New Testament. A reference is made to Chuza, the steward of Herod (Luke 8:3). Another illustration is the Ethiopian eunuch who was the treasurer or steward of the Queen of Ethiopia, “a man of great authority” who “had charge of all her treasures” (Acts 8:27). In three parables Jesus deals specifically with the theme of stewardship. These parables, listed in the order in which they appear, are: the parable of the talents (Matt. 25:14–30), the parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16:1–2), and the parable of the pounds (Luke 19:12–27).

As the leader of his people, the minister faces a problem in relation to his own stewardship responsibility. Paul speaks of ministers as “stewards of the mysteries of God” (1 Cor. 4:1). J. B. Phillips in his translation of this passage speaks of ministers as “trustees of the secrets of God.” One of these divine “secrets” is the truth of stewardship. In order to be true to himself and his God the minister must faithfully share this message with his people, for “it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful” (1 Cor. 4:2).

THE PROBLEM OF PROMOTION

Of all the problems facing the minister in his stewardship responsibility the problem of promotion requires much careful planning. Fortunately, considerable help is available. Here are some suggestions.

Hold a School of Stewardship. Designate a Stewardship Week at a convenient time of the year, and, well in advance, appoint a committee to help develop plans for a successful week of training. The school might meet five nights, Monday through Friday, with two classes and a brief chapel period each evening. A small school would offer one course. Larger schools would offer four to six or more classes at the same hour, such courses being designed for the various age and interest groups. The Joint Department of Stewardship and Benevolence, 297 Fourth Ave., New York 10, provides a Stewardship Bibliography, price 10 cents. Also, The Executive Committee of the Southern Baptist Convention, 127 Ninth Ave., North, Nashville 3, Tennessee, issues a Catalog of Stewardship Materials.)

Use Motion Pictures and Filmstrips. Motion pictures and filmstrips can be used effectively for stewardship education. High-quality films are available from many denominational and interdenominational agencies (Stewardship Bibliography, pp. 15–20). Films should always be previewed, and are most effective when followed by discussion under the direction of a competent and prepared leader.

Use of Tracts and Pamphlets. Tracts and pamphlets dealing with every phase of stewardship can be ordered from the various stewardship organizations (ibid., pp. 9–13; also from stewardship publishers, listed on pp. 21–23). Such stewardship literature, often well designed and well printed, may be secured in almost any quantity at cost, and in many cases without cost. During periods of stewardship emphasis, such literature may be enclosed in mailings of church announcements or distributed at the close of worship services. Church tract racks should carry at all times a selection of good stewardship tracts and pamphlets.

Other Methods of Promotion. Stewardship may also be publicized by means of posters, church offering envelopes, special Sunday School lessons, essay contests, plays, and special church bulletins. Various denominational publication houses provide church bulletins. The Layman Tithing Foundation, 8 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, has for many years published bulletins with stewardship messages, giving special emphasis to the tithe, on the back page.

THE PROBLEM OF PREACHING

Preaching involves the twofold problem of preparation and presentation.

It has been said that “a call to preach is a call to prepare to preach.” He who feels the burden of preaching on stewardship should feel the burden of adequately preparing himself to preach on this subject. The minister’s preparation should embrace a thorough acquaintance with the major Scripture passages dealing with stewardship, as well as the kindred subjects of tithing and giving. It should include an acquaintance also with some of the best books on stewardship. Valuable books for study as the minister prepares to speak on stewardship are Earle V. Pierce’s The Supreme Beatitude (Revell, New York, 1947) and Alphin Conrad’s The Divine Economy (Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1954). The Stewardship Bibliography, mentioned earlier, provides a good list of stewardship books.

The presentation may employ many approaches.

The Indirect Approach. This approach was used by the late Dr. George W. Truett. Dr. Truett’s classic book of evangelistic sermons, A Quest for Souls, will reveal an abundance of stewardship emphasis and many illustrations.

The Sermonette Approach. By the sermonette technique, stewardship truth is administered in pleasant capsules. Constant weekly emphasis on stewardship is an effective method of indoctrination.

The Direct Approach. This approach consists of the delivery of one or more sermons on stewardship by the minister, or the giving over of a whole week of evenings to what is called a “Stewardship Revival.” Such a revival is sometimes brought to a climax with a visitation program for the enlistment of tithers.

If a School of Stewardship, as outlined in a preceding section, is conducted, a stewardship message or two from the minister just before the opening of the school would be helpful. Perhaps a message following the school would give opportunity for enlistment.

The minister, desiring to bring only one message on stewardship, may use as his Scripture lesson the parable of the talents (Matt. 25:14–30). His text can be 1 Peter 4:10: “As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.” The subject might be “A Good Steward.”

A study of this passage of Matthew in the Greek will indicate that the servants referred to were in reality bond servants or slaves. They were the property of their master, for we are told “he called his own servants.” They were his servants by right of purchase in the market. In Romans 1:1 Paul uses the same word for servant. According to the literal translation of the verse in Romans, Paul, by the phrase “a slave of Jesus Christ,” recognized himself as the property of his Lord.

That the possessions of these servants did not belong to them is clear because they were slaves. They themselves were property, and for that reason had no legal right to own property. Moreover, we are told that it was “his goods” that the master delivered to them.

Christians need to learn the truth that in the final analysis property and earthly possessions do not belong to them. “The silver and the gold is mine, saith the Lord of hosts” (Hag. 2:8). “The land is mine” (Lev. 25:23). “Every beast of the forest is mine and the cattle upon a thousand hills” (Ps. 50:10). Again it is written, “The earth is the Lord’s and the fulness thereof, the world and they that dwell therein” (Ps. 24:1). “It is he that giveth thee power to gain wealth” (Deut. 8:18).

It was Paul who wrote, “We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain that we will carry nothing out” (1 Tim. 6:7). All our possessions were here before we came into the world, and they will remain here after we are gone. These possessions are but the gifts of God. With David we too must confess, “All things come of thee, and of thine own have we given thee” (1 Chron. 29:14).

Again the parable of the talents illustrates the truth that the bondservant is an administrator for his absent lord. Though he does not own the things that are his possession, he is duty bound to administer the property of his lord in such a way that it will yield the highest possible dividends for the master upon his return. This is what the man traveling into the far country desired of his servants to whom he delivered his goods. This is what our Lord desires of his servants as well. To put it another way: the chief aim of the good steward is to bring glory to his absent Lord.

The anticipated day of his Lord’s return is in the future. Everything must be in readiness for the day when the Master “cometh, and reckoneth with them” (Matt. 25:19). It will be upon the occasion of his return that the Lord will say, “Give an account of thy stewardship” (Luke 16:2b). Then “we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ” (Rom. 14:10). “So then every one of us shall give an account of himself before God” (Rom. 14:12). In that day the Lord will speak to the good steward wonderful words of commendation, saying “Well done, thou good and faithful servant” (Matt. 25:21a, 23d). The two-talent man who is faithful will receive the same commendation as the man with greater ability, having the five talents. Such words of approval from the divine Master will give a glow of satisfaction to the faithful steward throughout the ages of eternity.

THE PROBLEM OF PROPORTION

The problem of proportion concerns the question of the tithe. Authorities differ as to the wisdom of emphasis upon the tithe. Since in any age no smaller proportion than the tithe for God has ever been suggested, and since our Lord placed his approval upon the tithe by putting it in the category of duty by using the word “ought” (Matt. 23:23), and since Paul in speaking of Christian giving refers to proportion when he says “as God hath prospered” (1 Cor. 16:2), and since the giving of the tithe seems to be the most practical way for the disciple to recognize his stewardship, it would seem logical that the tithe should be regarded as the minimum standard for Christian giving.

This brings our study to a close. It has been found that a steward is a trusted servant charged with the management of resources which are not his own, but which belongs to his Lord.

The stewardship of the minister is unique. If his people are to grasp the concept of stewardship and becomes sacrificial in their giving to Kingdom interests, the minister must lead in both precept and practice.

Stewardship must be taught. The minister with vision and resourcefulness will use every available method to proclaim this vital truth to his people, because he realizes that a sacrificial church is also likely to be the church that is devoted to truth in doctrine and purity in life.

To make the stewardship emphasis practical, the tithe must be held up as the minimum standard for Christian giving. The recognition that the tithe in a special way belongs to God and that it is to be used only for the advancement of his work in the world is a fundamental step toward the recognition of all of life and its resources as a sacred trust.

The stewardship spirit must also be caught, and when the church of our century catches this spirit she will give herself in whole-souled abandon to meet the tremendous needs of this age, and will one day hear the gracious words of the Master saying, “Well done, thou good and faithful servant.”

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

“I am a Pentecostal!”

In many Christian circles the very mention of the name causes the erudite to react as did the philosophers at the appearance of Paul on Mars Hill: “What will this babbler say?” (Acts 17:18). In fact, the Pentecostal is classified by most of the Christian world as a fanatic who is guilty of behavior that is neither sane nor spiritual, and who holds to a doctrine of emotionalism centered in the expression of “gibberish” that could not possibly edify a Christian saint.

Meanwhile, the Pentecostal experience is having its effect upon men, and the discovery by a minority of persons of the dynamic of God’s spirit moving in human life is keeping alive the consciousness of an active God in this degenerating world.

Appeals are being made in our Christian society for more positive teaching on the activity of the Holy Spirit. It is because of such appeals that I am attempting to speak for my Pentecostal brethren, who feel that their views have been widely misrepresented and distorted by both the liberal and conservative wings of Christianity. We believe, in truth, that our theology is biblical and orthodox, even though our representation in the theological field is decidedly weak. It may be another decade before the Pentecostal faith can be set into a systematic theology. In clarifying some of the issues relating to our faith in God’s spiritual activity, however, we cannot even gain a hearing until we have first slain the giant of prejudice.

SEMANTICS AND THE SPIRIT

Today the subject of evangelism is being discussed everywhere by Christians. Pentecostals know something about evangelism. We believe that evangelism is one of the orthodox doctrines that has kept alive what little life we still have in the Christian world. We have seen men of God such as Billy Graham bear the brunt of systematic opposition to mass evangelism from those who advocate a more “realistic” approach to converting the human heart to God. In the “seat of theology,” Berkeley, California, where I studied during the 1958 “Crusade,” it was evident that the Graham type of evangelism was not wanted. The seminaries preferred to segregate theology into separate departments as a subterfuge to eradicate the conservative viewpoint. They preferred to devise a “special system of semantics” to further the doctrine of a “realistic” theology for modern man’s needs.

The contention that such “realism” is stimulating and intellectually superior, while orthodoxy is unimaginative and vapid, is a fallacy. One proof of the validity of a theological viewpoint is in what it produces. The masses will not profit by a systematic theology that caters only to the intellect rather than to the whole man. The outpouring of God’s Spirit in these last days is a religious awakening that is giving stimulus to a spiritual hunger. Intellectuals have had their opportunity in the last century to prove what man can do; now there is a theology emerging that is proving what God can do.

NOT BY MIGHT, NOR BY POWER

The apparent lack of dialectic on the part of the Pentecostal stems from two basic reasons: First, Pentecostals are comprised largely of Christians whose backgrounds do not furnish them with equipment for philosophic argumentation. Secondly, they recognize that there was wisdom in the injunction given by God that avoidance of words to no profit would increase their godliness (2 Tim. 2:14, 15). The reluctance has been shared by many in our ranks who are well qualified to deal with the subject of the moment. However, because of the failure of modern theologians to prove themselves capable of dealing with one of the most important theological issues of the last 19 centuries, namely, the activity of the Holy Spirit in this dispensation, the task falls to us of lesser minds. The challenge is given to us to articulate what most Christians view as a fanatical experience of an unpopular sect.

The apostle Paul’s apologetic for avoiding philosophic excursions was that he should not give the impression that knowledge through speculation could be substituted for knowledge through experience, “lest the cross of Christ be made of none effect” (1 Cor. 1:17). We shrink from dialectic, but not for lack of reason for the hope that lies within us. On the contrary, those who challenge the validity and necessity of the Pentecostal baptism into the Holy Spirit will not heed Scripture; rather, they demand of us a rational explanation for the superrational reality that enters into a believer’s soul. We cannot so reason any more than Paul or the other apostles could. If we resort to argument alone in an effort to convey the reality of God’s activity in the human soul, we tend to make the cross of Christ of no effect.

Pentecost is almost synonymous with “tongues.” The popular modern view of the ecstatic equates it with 1 Corinthians 14:14 and then casts it aside as something to be abhorred. The classification of all ecstatic utterances as useless is a rejection of God’s gifts to the Church. The failure on the part of many to distinguish between “initial” and “subsequent” manifestations of the Holy Spirit’s activity has tended to cause a turning away from that which was unequivocally set in the Church as an essential function of spiritual edification.

The Christian who persists in refusing to acknowledge the Pentecostal experience (Acts 2:4) can never be persuaded with argument alone any more than a person can be persuaded to become a Christian by argument alone. Faith is the victory and becomes the essential motivation which enables an individual to believe that what happened at Pentecost (Acts 2:4) and later on in the streets of Jerusalem (Acts 2:6) were two distinct acts, one giving evidence of an initial infilling of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:4) and the other a subsequent manifestation of the gift of tongues to convince the unbelieving (Acts 2:6–11).

THE DEVIL IS NOT ASLEEP

We Pentecostals have as much, if not more, error creeping into our camps as any other group of believers. The only explanation we have is that whenever God’s Spirit moves, Satan sets up his counter-measures with tactics of delusion and false doctrine. Our camps have been decimated by his forces. Yet, despite such adversity, statistics reveal that Pentecostals are the fastest growing evangelical force in the world today.

The first thing Satan does is to attack the mind of the seeking Christian by planting fear in his heart. If he can prevent the Christian from seeking a more profound experience with God, then he can defeat Christ’s cause.

Jesus said in Luke 11:11–13, “If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent? Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Sprit to them that ask him?” If the devil can keep the Christian from asking God for more of his Spirit, he will be able to trick, deceive, and defeat the Christian society until it becomes so insipid and worldly that it has no life-giving appeal. It will topple over into dead orthodoxy or revert to a rationalistic religion that can never have appeal to the masses in our world that are finding themselves in a spiritual vacuum which is rapidly being filled by the anti-Christian forces of international communism.

AS THE SPIRIT BLOWS

If there ever was a time when the people of God should seek a Holy-Spirit outpouring it is now in this fast-changing world! Perhaps if the evangelical churches had not been so fearful of spiritual exercise and had exerted proper teaching and discipline, there would not have been the necessity for a Pentecostal Movement so-called. Nevertheless, the reaction of the formalistic against the free-moving of the Spirit established barriers. Pentecostals are not such merely because they demand liberty to allow the Spirit to move as he wills nor because they desire to bask in the ecstatic experience of tongues. Neither are they justified in laying claim to any special endowment that would appear to lift them above their brethren as superior Christians; God forbid! Pentecostals are such because they have had an experience in the Holy Spirit that has revolutionized and challenged their lives. The experience has indelibly imprinted the necessity for evangelizing the world while there is yet time.

Acts 1:8 is the motivating basis for our existence: “But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea … and unto the uttermost part of the earth.” If we Pentecostals cease to function in this capacity, may God write “Ichabod” over our door!

Prayer of Thanksgiving

Lord, Thou needest not

Such gifts as I can bring.

Yet, from a grateful heart

These offerings do spring;

Take them, not as all

I owe to Thee, or part

But take them as a pledge

That Thou has won my heart. Amen.

JOHN C. COOPER

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

“Alcoholism” is a rather recent word in our vocabulary and expresses a condition which many persons develop when they persist in drinking liquor.

In the past these people have commonly been called drunkards: the extreme symptom of their condition has been known as delirium tremens, or, colloquially, “snakes-in-the-boots.”

With the increased use and disastrous effects of alcohol as a beverage in our day, various groups, including the distillers themselves, have been setting about to study the problem. Best-known and most influential of these groups is the Yale Summer School of Alcoholic Studies where the approach is purely scientific and objective, while the moral aspect appears to be entirely ignored. The “searchers,” however, having traced the effect of alcohol upon the human body, have produced some very striking films which reveal these effects. Also, they have sought to study and chart the psychology of alcoholics, and have produced some exceedingly interesting, and perhaps quite accurate, behavior patterns of the alcoholic.

FIVE MILLION ALCOHOLICS

It is reported that in the United States there are 5 million “alcoholics,” including all those in the various stages of alcoholism, and 20 per cent of these are women. It is also reported that among the 65 million alcoholic beverage users in the United States, there are drinkers crossing over the line into alcoholism in such numbers that before long there will be an alcoholic on the average to every family.

Alcoholics in the United States now number six times as many as there are cases of cancer, 11 times as many as there are active cases of tuberculosis, and 155 times as many as there were polio cases in the nation last year.

Is it any wonder, in the light of these statistics, that there should spring up all over the country efforts at various levels to do something about the situation? Seminars and workshops on alcoholism are being conducted on local and county levels and supervised usually by recently-organized state clinics and hospitals. Representatives of various organizations are seeking to be heard at meetings of service organizations and other available groups.

Hospitals owned and operated by religious groups are developing departments devoted to alcoholism.

Such an awakening is long overdue. It is much later than we think in regard to combating an enemy that is right within our own nation. The threat of alcoholism is more dangerous and deadly than any danger from the outside.

But what has the church been doing? The church should never have ceased its vigil and crusade against the subtle enemy of alcoholic drinking in American life. Yet practically nothing has been done by the church either to solve the liquor problem or to keep even a proper perspective and correct label upon alcoholism as such.

The Protestant church has failed to make itself clear on the fact that the use of alcoholic beverages is a moral problem. Roman Catholicism has almost totally ignored the moral issue involved. Temperance organizations have arisen as, for example, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and dry forces which continue to be largely of nonpolitical character. But because alcohol for beverage use is licensed by the state, and the church has projected no solution to the issue, the people of America now find themselves confronted by a problem which they cannot adequately handle politically or religiously.

RISE OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS

Largely to the credit of alcoholics themselves, there quietly arose in 1935, with no publicity sought or wanted and without recognized organization, a movement among alcoholics known as “AA”—Alcoholics Anonymous. A few struggling alcoholics, coming into touch with various religious groups whose conduct and faith awakened in them a possibility of hope, followed out their trail of hope and banded themselves together to try to escape further entanglements with alcohol and to help each other. Since its founding, this organization has done and continues to perform a wonderful work and has taken on sizable statistics. The official statement concerning the nature and purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous is given in the booklet titled, Alcoholism the Illness (published by Alcoholics World Service Co., Inc.) and is reprinted here by permission.

Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism.

The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop drinking. There are no dues or fees for AA membership; we are self-supporting through our own contributions. AA is not allied with any sect, denomination, politics, organization or institution; does not wish to engage in any controversy, neither endorses nor opposes any causes. Our primary purpose is to stay sober and help other alcoholics to achieve sobriety.

The several efforts being made in the study of alcoholism, on whatever level the study is, appear to follow the same pattern and arrive at the same conclusions. First, it is concluded that alcoholism is no moral or ethical problem; secondly, it is stated that alcoholism is a disease, the cause of which is unknown. Whoever the speaker or chairman is conducting the seminar, workshop, or study, he observes in most cases a dogged determination to countenance no suggestion other than this announced conclusion.

SUPPOSEDLY NON-MORAL ISSUE

This thesis concerning alcoholism, that it is a physical disease the cause of which is unknown, and that there are no ethical or moral involvements, has been handed down by those professing to be scientific in their investigation, along with a host of superficial, wishful thinkers who have caught the dictum and parrot it to whom they will. The dictum once accepted carries with it a hush-hush suggestion that there must be no “crusade” against alcoholism, which in turn casts a spell on any suggested crusade against the use of alcoholic beverages. Nothing could please the wet forces of the country more than this.

That alcoholism reflects a diseased body no one will intelligently deny. For a long time our dictionaries have given as a definition for delirium tremens, which is a late, unmistakable symptom of alcoholism, these words: “A disease of the brain caused by the excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors.” So this knowledge is nothing new.

But that we may say there is nothing about alcoholism involving the ethical or moral is a dangerous heresy which this modern movement is seeking to popularize. The moral aspect of the use of alcohol was well known in the writing of the Old Testament, when nine Hebrew words of varying shades were used to point out the moral dangers of strong drink, and prophets pronounced woes against the users (Hab. 2:15; Prov. 20:1). In addition there is the positive condemnation by the New Testament of the drunkard (1 Cor. 5:11; 6:10).

The claim that no one knows the cause of alcoholism is a subterfuge so thin that it can be answered by saying that everyone—the simpleton, the drinker, and the alcoholic—all know it, and no one denies the cause except those who wish to evade, cover up, or becloud the issue. If the language of the doctor who says that alcohol is the cause of alcoholism is “oversimplification,” then to say that no one knows the cause of alcoholism is a thousand times overcomplication. The cause of alcoholism is so well and so indisputably known that we have named the result “alcoholism” after the cause alcohol. Where there is no alcohol there is no alcoholism. Plenty may be said and written about the physical and psychological traits and behavior of pre-alcoholics and alcoholics, but the fact is that there is only one scientific cause for alcoholism which is alcohol.

Even alcoholics themselves are being spiritually betrayed in this handling of their situation, and there is evidence that they sense it and are resenting it.

From the booklet, Alcoholism the Illness, a cutting is included by permission of the publishers from an address delivered by “Bill W.” before the New York Medical Society, May, 1944.

That there is a moral and ethical aspect to alcoholism, despite attempts to deny it, is eloquently and repeatedly enunciated by this representative of Alcoholics Anonymous in his comparison of what “Medicine says” and “Religion says.” Without decrying the physical or psychological aspects of alcoholism, this experienced exponent of alcoholism found a moral aspect at every turn of the alcoholic’s condition and need.

This quotation from an authoritative source within the organization of Alcoholics Anonymous does not satisfy an evangelical on what religion says, but it is quoted to prove that the victims of alcohol know and confess that alcoholism is not a disease only, but a moral and ethical matter for which the alcoholic is personally responsible—in spite of what the professed scientist, their would-be comforter, says.

We can readily see that it is high time we awaken to the predicament in which the American people find themselves with regard to alcoholism. In the face of this regrettable number of alcoholics, plus millions more who are daily crossing the subtle line into the ranks of alcoholics, false prophets before our very eyes are beclouding the issues, making the moral nonmoral, and intimidating every effort to stay the deadly march of physical and spiritual death. They would have us hurry in our efforts to mop up the results of alcoholism, yet leave wide open the root of the problem which is the continuous traffic in beverage alcohol.

The Church, temperance societies, and all good people ought to throw off the intimidations imposed by superficial, would-be authorities on the subject of alcoholism, and get back to preaching the gospel of Christ with its power to save from all sin, even that of the use of alcohol. Churches and temperance societies should again inaugurate their crusades against the use of alcoholic beverages, and again prosecute vigorously the now nearly abandoned total abstinence pledges of both youths and adults. Then a great crusade should be set in motion to deliver the brain-washed American public from its false stupor concerning alcoholism, its cause and its cure. Unless such an awakening comes soon, America is alcoholic doomed.

The Methodist Church is setting for us a splendid example. Not fearing the intimidation of those who decry “crusades,” The Methodist Church, under the leadership of the Council of Bishops and at the direction of the General Board of Temperance, is conducting annually, on a definite and uniform date, what they call “Commitment Sunday.” On this date all Methodist Sunday schools and churches are asked to invite young and old to sign or even re-sign the pledge of total abstinence.

No one can evaluate the results of pledges made, particularly on the part of the young, to abstain from all forms of alcoholic beverages for life. The testimony of an octogenarian recently came to my attention. This man, reared under Christian influences, promised his mother on her deathbed that he would never touch alcohol. Although he was not an unbeliever, he unfortunately has never identified himself with any Christian church; but though in business and commercial life he has been severely tested by those who practiced the use of alcoholic beverages, he testifies that the total abstinence pledge which he made to his mother has kept him from drinking throughout his long life.

Children and young people today are targets for the liquor industry, and constitute the ranks from which the alcoholics of tomorrow will come. Shall we continue to be unconcerned and unalarmed while the cause of alcoholism, which is alcohol, goes on ignored and unindicted?

Next Issue: The Trend In Britain

The July 31 issue of CHRISTIANITY TODAY will be devoted to a comprehensive survey of the present spiritual situation in Great Britain. The survey has been projected from CHRISTIANITY TODAY’S recently opened London office under the guidance of Dr. Philip E. Hughes, British Editorial Associate. Facts and figures concerning the Church of England, the Church of Scotland, and the Free Churches reveal a situation that is both alarming and challenging. The great cities, the country districts, the schools and universities, and the industrial community are to be surveyed, as well as trends in crime and delinquency. This will be an issue of unusual significance, realistically describing the mission field that is Great Britain today. It should be studied and prayed over by all who have a concern for the spiritual virility of the Western world.

The contributors are men ably qualified to define and assess the spiritual problems and needs which confront the Church in Britain at the present time.

The London office of CHRISTIANITY TODAY is located on Fleet Street, a few blocks from Smithfield (scene of the burning of many Protestant martyrs). London Manager is Gervase E. Duffield, graduate in theology of the University of Oxford, who formerly was Secretary of Tyndale House and engaged in research studies in Cambridge. CHRISTIANITY TODAY has a growing role in stimulating the evangelical witness and molding the theological thinking in Great Britain as well as in other lands at this strategic moment of history.

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

Listen, people. You demanded that your minister be servant of the Word; you shook him loose from trivialities, and you vowed to hear and heed him when he came before you with only God’s Word to speak. Behold him now approaching your pulpit—back from long counsel, torn from prayer’s vigil and worn with study but his eyes aflame with a fire. He goes down on his knees, rises, and mounts the pulpit. He opens the Bible on the sacred desk. The air is charged with suspense. This man has been with God, and now he is before you, and he is not alone: dare you listen?

A suspicion touches every heart; this man may become disagreeable, he may rebuke the slovenly thinker, expose the self-righteous, offer divine love to those afraid to admit their need of it, and leave all breathless before the excruciating exactness of the Word’s application to their lives. Will this man have the effrontery to preach the piercing Word of the holy God to the sin-ridden hearts of this comfortable people? Nothing about him suggests that he will offer easy steps to peace of mind, or that he will hand out sermonic tranquilizers. Indeed, he stands before all as one who holds his mind apart; he bears the mien of one intent on being faithful, not to this world but to God alone.

He comes as one resolved to fire a fusilade against falsehood and to ignite a rocket for righteousness. Listen!—human words, refined in the fire of the Holy Word, and searing already the soul of their speaker, are poised to flame against your ears. Listen!—a mind that has dived through this world’s dark perplexities to rest at last on the bright Word of God, unclouded and unconfused, commandeers your minds to reason’s counsel before God. You asked for him and now you have him and it is too late to look for the exits. Listen, people, listen!

This strange, new minister in your refurbished pulpit raises arms against the air and speaks: “In the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.” At this audacity a hush grips the congregation. Folk once prepared for a light trip through the airy regions of psychology, sociology, case studies, literature, and the “best sellers” realize that no flippant side-trips will be made this hour, no ears will be titilated, and no emotions tickled. Each hearer senses that he and his condition are to be brought up short against the will of the living God.

Many begin to wish they had not summoned this man to preach. Most are uneasy because they did not leave their foibles, follies, prejudices, and presuppositions with their coats in the cloak room. Some blush already, fully expecting their words at the bridge table, their temper tantrums in the home, their shady business deals, and their indecent ambitions to be broadcast from the pulpit, laid out plain before all, and the owners identified by name. This man, speaking in God’s name, will indeed proclaim God’s judgment in the House of God; the hearers may take it as wrath, but the preacher will say it in love. Listen, people, listen!

This man in the pulpit will tell you that Christ is not concerned to make you better, but to make you new, not to help you but to heal you, not to accept you but to convert you. He will tell you that Christ wants your words and your deeds, but first He wants you. He will tell you that although you are rich in this world’s goods, you are a spiritual pauper and a financial incompetent until Christ enters your life and requisitions your possessions. He will tell you that all your subtle claims to status are filthy rags before God. He will tell you that before you can work you must worship, before you can speak for Christ you must hear from Christ, and before you can serve Christ you must be transformed by Christ. He will tell you that until you have followed close by Christ in relation to wife and husband, family, business associates, play partners, and casual contacts on the street, across the highway and in the air, you have not followed him, but deserted him and shamed him. He will tell you that what you hear, read and say here, there and everywhere, are not necessarily truths, and never will be truth until brought into captivity to Jesus Christ, the Truth. He will tell you that until your love for all around you is broad and deep, a compulsive reflection of God’s love for you, it is a sham and a fake. He will tell you that unless you are born again by the grace of God in Christ you have not lived, and indeed, that you will never live until Christ lives in you. He will tell you that until the Holy Spirit cauterizes your heart it will not be free from the fatal infection of self-love. He will tell you that decisions and attitudes must be structured to centered loyalty in Jesus Christ, or you will continue to live in broken frustration, macerated cross-purposes, and in futility’s busy despair. This man calls you to surrender to the love that has conquered all, and will conquer all. He pleads with reason’s calm and passion’s thrill for your allegiance to the things of the Kingdom.

The pleasantries of human expression are unknown to this man who speaks God’s Word. He calls sin sin, and fears not to drag it out from under the robes of the upright and from beneath the hats of the highly praised. When the situation calls for the brutally plain or the lovingly redemptive, this man of the Word says precisely that. Listen, people, listen to this Word!

If a man makes an idol of his self-indulgence, the Word shows him in his pig pen. If the woman is caught in adultery, the Word calls it adultery, and the Word dares anyone without sin to throw the first stone at her. If the conceited materialist boasts of his bigger bars, the Word shows him damned in the night when God requires his life. If the grain rots in the bins and the overweight owners are deliberately deaf to the starving enemies’ groans, the Word shouts: feed them! If the self-righteous man recites his virtues before man and God, the Word portrays the wretched sinner beating his breast beside him and going down to his house justified, and the self-righteous floundering in the quagmire of self-adulation. If society’s pillars make public ritual of the money they give to the church which should have gone to needy fathers and mothers, the Word says a stuffy propriety has voided God’s law. When those who rule come, possessing all, the Word says: give all. If the sensitive man, hurt by the jibes of others, refuses to forgive, the Word says God will not forgive him. If case-hardened sinners scorn the Word, that very Word says they have judged themselves fit for the hell they desired. If nations rattle their nuclear sabers and ideological spears at each other in the world’s mad, rat-race for power, the Word says that those who take the sword shall perish by the sword. If injustice rages across the land, leaving a wreckage of broken hopes, unfulfilled lives, decaying bodies, jobless men, unwanted oldsters and neglected children, the Word demands to know where are the upholders of the justice of God, and where are those redeemed to bear the burdens of the afflicted and to lift up the fallen. If wild and self-centered racing down the highways strews out 30,000 dead bodies in its wake each year, the Word cries: You are your brother’s keeper. If vice strides through the nation, adorning every bookstand, enriching every syndicate, winning every Oscar, and piercing the young and the weak with its filth-tipped dagger, the Word states: Woe to those who cause these little ones to stumble. If lies go abroad, neatly packaged and steeled with weighty arguments, the Word says: Test the spirits. If Christ’s people rest at ease in Zion, doling out pennies to gospel the ungospeled, while merchants of evil unload billions for exploitation, the Word, with a vision of countless souls harmed by our neglect, declares that we have not been our brother’s helper but his destroyer. If the gossip mongers and the hate spreaders run to and fro with their choice morsels and their calculated insinuations, the Word says you shall not bear false witness. If many come casually seeking an easy way and a cheap salvation, the Word shall visit them with a vision of a thorn-crowned Christ and a death-bought glory, and the words with the vision are, “No one comes to the Father, but by me”; and that way runs hard by Calvary yet, and that salvation still comes sealed by costly grace. And when the sinner flees to the throne of grace, begging mercy, the Word, flaunting our social standards, states: Come home, forgiven, a father waits to love you. Will the sinner find a mind of Christ, a truth in love, and a joy in pardon in your midst? Listen, people, listen and ponder!

This prophet in your pulpit will catch you unawares and slam the redemptive Word against the quick of your unguarded souls. He will admit that this two-edged Word cuts him deeper than he can make it cut you, that he needs its redeeming thrust equally as much as you. He hopes that a holy Flame will speed his words, scorched though they be, and that some of the burn will light on your hearts. Recall that it is by your insistence and assistance that this man seeks unswerving fidelity to the Commander’s command: “And preach as you go!” Remember that he preaches from the terrible conviction that he must one day give account for your souls before God. Your man is vulnerable and he will fail miserably in this world’s eyes and he will also fail in the eyes of the faithful unless, by God’s grace and your loyalty, you give him your prayers, your ears, your minds, and your hearts; for, until the final assize, God has provided no other way to salvation than through the faith imparted and continuously startled by the preaching of Christ.

When your minister comes down from the pulpit, and when you and he know that Christ has spoken his Word through your minister’s words, hoard them all on memory’s tablets and force them through the redactors of your hearts; and, when explosive power erupts, trigger its application to all of life by the thoughts of your minds, the words of your speech, and the deeds of your hands.

And woe to him who cries “Hold!” when the countdown is finished!

Samuel M. Shoemaker is the author of a number of popular books and the gifted Rector of Calvary Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. He is known for his effective leadership of laymen and his deeply spiritual approach to all vital issues.

Just four days ago, I was listening to the radio while driving along a road in Iowa, and heard the full report of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church regarding their action on the use of alcoholic beverages. The report is long and subtle but leaves one with the impression that whereas a great many Presbyterians serve liquor in their homes, and whereas a great many Presbyterians engage in social drinking, it is not nice for the nondrinkers to criticize them, and we ought all of us to seek to redeem these social drinkers by loving them into abstinence, because abstinence is the goal and ideal.

On Sunday morning in Missouri I had to wait outside the study door of the pastor in whose church I was preaching until a Sunday school class was dismissed, and I overheard the discussion of the high school class. One gay girl was bubbling over with the following discovery, and I think I quote her almost exactly: “Did you hear that the General Assembly of our church, that’s the Assembly of the whole church, mind you, has said that it’s all right to drink so now we’re allowed to drink at parties. What do you think of that?” The poor teacher was hard pressed as to just what to think; apparently these subtleties of the General Assembly’s statement had been lost in the newspaper accounts and in the impressions high school church-goers get from newspaper accounts. If the Sunday school teacher has any notion of teaching abstinence to that class, the General Assembly did not make his job any easier; in fact, I think they pulled the rug right out from under him.

In the general theological and ethical drift of our day, one need not criticize the Presbyterians more than others. Their particular statement just now happens to illustrate “Current Religious Thought” and leads me to make a few observations.

1. In dealing with drink and similar ethical questions we seem to be desperately afraid of “legalism.” Personally, I am more afraid of “illegalism.” At the basis of any good society there must be “order” and order is always related to law. I think it is quite possible to draw distinctions between law and legalism and I know what my friends are trying to say when they say “don’t be legalistic.” But it seems to me the time is ripe and overripe for us to reassess how much of our life must be under law and, whereas we all agree that the attitude of “legalism” might be condemned, no one is seriously arguing for lawlessness. If the use of alcoholic beverages is wrong or even potentially wrong, it is not “legalistic” to say so, and to condemn it.

2. When the Kinsey report came out it was suggested that since men behave as described in the Kinsey report, our laws ought to be rewritten to adjust to the actual behavior of men instead of over against or above the common behavior of men. I remember reading the scathing criticism of Reinhold Niebuhr regarding this approach, as if law has no absolute authority but is constantly adjustable to how the majority appears to be operating at any given time. This is existentialism gone wild. The brakes on my car are related to some absolute laws and I am very happy that the laws are valid every hour of every day regardless of the weather or my feelings. Moral laws are not divorced from absolute truth, always and everywhere applicable. A survey revealing that 58 percent of the Presbyterians serve liquor in their homes has nothing whatever to do with whether the church condemns or condones social drinking. Only 7,000 people in all Israel had not bowed the knee to Baal in Elijah’s day, but the minority was right and the prophets of God kept saying so.

3. Somebody needs to remind us afresh that there is no necessary distinction between “law” and “love” just as we have been reminded by recent theologians that often we find the grace of God in His judgment. The law can well be the most loving thing around, unless we are talking about lovey-dovey instead of the real thing. Martin Luther King is quoted in this week’s Time as saying “we cannot legislate morality but we can legislate behavior.” I think the church ought to be on the side of legislating behavior until we have done more than we have about morality and the spiritual foundations of Christian ethical behavior. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in the last issue of Reader’s Digest has in its advertisements these words; “… as little as two alcoholic drinks is enough to cause a definite impairment of the judgment and reactions of many people … you don’t have to be intoxicated to become a potential menace to yourself and everyone else.…” All this raises the question as to where the “love” lies—in our refusal to condemn the social drinker or in our insistence on condemning the social drinker as a menace. All the hard drinkers I know start out drinking socially. All the alcoholics I know started out as social drinkers. The question remains just where do we bring love to bear (try P. T. Forsyth’s Holy-Love) on this total complex?

4. It has always appeared to me that there was something phony in calling alcoholism a “disease.” Once you call it a disease the moral issue drops out; I would like to put the moral issue back in. Alcoholism is a disease; so is syphilis; so is the measles. Thus calling something a disease simply means that we have to treat it as it appears, but I think we all recognize that calling it a disease is not the only thing involved. How the disease was contracted puts a moral content in the problem, and I am not willing to admit that a helpless alcoholic was not morally involved when he began the process which now makes him helpless. I also think that I am morally involved when I contribute by precept or by example to his belief that there is no real issue involved when he takes his first steps along the road of potential alcoholism. Many deaths are caused by people who say “I didn’t know the gun was loaded.” The church does know that this gun is loaded.

Perhaps those churches that believe in “moderate” drinking could find a good source of revenue in “moderate” liquor advertising in church papers and some “moderate” investments in liquor stocks.

The Theological Horizon—By Telescope

Searchlights on Contemporary Theology, by Nels F. S. Ferré (Harper 1961, 253 pp., $5), is reviewed by Edward John Carnell, Professor of Ethics and Philosophy of Religion, Fuller Theological Seminary.

Since this book is largely a composite of lectures and essays, it has no unifying theme, and thus is difficult to appraise. Moreover, the author ranges through a perplexing array of topics—myth and symbol, paradox and analogy, linguistic analysis and transcendence, freedom, orthodoxy, neo-orthodoxy, neo-naturalism, existentialism, hermeneutics, biblical authority, the definition of God in the light of modern knowledge, Christian experience, values, and education. Now it stands to reason that no author can adequately handle so many topics in one moderately-sized volume.

Nor is the proliferation of topics the only frustration which the reader must suffer. The author shifts to a disturbing ambiguity whenever he comes to grips with one of the critically Christian doctrines. Take the Trinity, for example. The author says that “whatever else the Christian doctrine of the Trinity may mean, at its center it proclaims the truth of God’s identifying himself conclusively with the individual in the Son, and with the community in the Spirit.” What this possibly means, I for one cannot say.

While the author is very generous in his critique of Bultmann and Tillich, he does not hesitate to charge them both with linguistic equivocation. It is manifestly wrong to use traditional symbols without intending traditional meaning. “Integrity in such a case requires the speaker to clarify beyond all culpable confusion his own use of the symbol, both by declaring what he does not mean to convey and by indicating what he literally does intend.” This is well taken.

Although the author makes his customary assertion that fundamentalism is too literalistic to merit serious attention, he nonetheless is much more charitable than he has been at other times. “Let it be said, however, concerning fundamentalism, that with regard to its main positive Christian contentions it stands in the solid line of historic Christianity; and it may even be that in the far future we will come to see that liberal accommodationism could not get rid of true, evangelical supernaturalism because of the intransigence of fundamentalism.”

Neo-orthodoxy is soundly trounced for failing to connect revelation with God’s activity on the level of creation. The author makes a very good point, but I think he states it too strongly. Surely Barth does not leave such a critical issue unexplored.

The author injects his own major presupposition from time to time. He concedes that Kant has demolished all rational avenues to God. This leaves man with the existential responsibility of choosing between religious alternatives. The author then claims that the best choice is the “concrete Christ as agape.” But rather than telling us why this is the best choice, he merely refers us to his other books—chiefly Faith and Reason.

The author is at his best when he delineates the attributes of Christian love. Sample: “Those who love are free from themselves in proportion to the depth of their love for others. God’s love alone is fully mature and therefore fully free.” The book sparkles with insights such as this.

I was most captivated by the last chapter: “The Church-Related College and a Mature Faith.” Perhaps this is because I spent several trying years in academic administration myself. Defining the relation between fixed truth and free, critical inquiry is never an easy task.

EDWARD JOHN CARNELL

A Culture In Crisis

Danger Ahead, by C. W. Scudder (Broadman, 1961, 180 pp., $3.25), is reviewed by Earl L. Douglass, Editor of the Douglass’ Sunday School Lessons.

We live in an era that is thoroughly alarmed by the increase in crime. Deeds of violence are increasing percentagewise faster than the population and are of such a nature that most serious students of modern life entertain profound fears for the nation’s future. This is not just a phenomenon experienced by the countries of North America. Throughout the whole world there appears to be a sinister movement toward violence and crime which constitutes a threat of gigantic proportions.

Dr. C. W. Scudder, teacher of Christian ethics at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, has titled his book Danger Ahead, and subtitled it A Christian Approach to Some Current Problems. The book on the whole should be received with appreciation by ministers and thoughtful laymen everywhere. In fact it constitutes a handbook in which ministers may find in condensed form material about moral situations that could only be gleaned by a wide reading of official reports on crime and corruption.

It is the author’s contention that ignorance and indifference are friends of evil. And thus he sets about to describe the nature and prevalence of alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, syndicated crime, corruption in government, and the moral deterioration apparent in amusements. He begins with a description of the unrest characterizing present-day life, and outlines the crime of our day, especially the syndicates which have made crime one of the outstanding “businesses” in the United States. Adverse advertising, commercial amusements, salacious literature, and beverage alcohol are also singled out for investigation as sources of moral corruption.

Scudder frankly approaches his problem from the religious faith standpoint. His strategy involves Christian consecration on the part of those who would correct these evils, evangelization, illumination, and a program of procedure based upon the conviction that in Jesus Christ alone is there power for moral transformation. By way of practical counsel, the author offers suggestions to the individual, and then lays out a program for the church, gives advice for the bettering of family relationships, and finally suggests a broad program of community action.

Christian motivation lies at the basis of the solutions to the problems discussed. Love of God, Christian courage, consecration to the divine will, a sense of our relationship to the Saviour Jesus Christ constitute this Christian motivation.

There may be some who will criticize this book because of certain extreme and uncompromising positions taken in it. Not all readers, for example, will find themselves in agreement with Scudder’s unqualified word on the harmfulness of dancing. His remedies are not sugarcoated, however. Those who love the bleeding-heart type of sociology, the sentimental approach that hesitates to lay a heavy hand on evil acts or evil persons, will consider this book too peremptory and extreme. But realists will like it. Christian believers, who have read the New Testament with an ear attuned to all its messages involving severity and clemency, will regard this book favorably.

Best of all, it will provide ministers with detailed information about issues which should be brought continually to the attention of congregations.

EARL L. DOUGLASS

Devotional Study

The Design of the Scriptures, by Robert C. Dentan (McGraw-Hill, 1961, 276 pp., $5), is reviewed by William Childs Robinson, Professor of Historical Theology, Columbia Theological Seminary.

This is a popular devotional study of the Bible, its doctrines, and the life consequent thereon by the professor of Old Testament at General Theological Seminary, New York. The point of view presupposes the higher critical positions and accordingly weakens the biblical testimony in places. For example, in the midst of valuable teachings from Abraham the possibility is twice brought in that perhaps Abraham was not a historical character but only a symbol. On many of the great Christian doctrines, however, the author is positive, helpful, and current. He presents God as the Triune God, the threefold God, but makes no use of the Matthean trinitarian baptismal formula in doing so. He regards man as a unit, and accepts the resurrection of Christ as actual. The sundry Bible passages here are quite effective. The book will be used widely particularly among Episcopalians.

WILLIAM CHILDS ROBINSON

Christian Counterattack

The Ultimate Weapon—Christianity: The Case for a Foreign Policy of Militant Christianity, by Paul M. Stevens (Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1961, 158 pp., $3.95), is reviewed by Charles Wesley Lowry, Author of Communism and Christ.

The analysis on which the prognosis and prescription of this unusual book are based is, in this reviewer’s judgment, incontestable. “The fact of the moment is that we are fighting a losing battle on (the Communists’) battlefield with their chosen weapons” (p. 16). The West has allowed itself to be so conditioned that we react to various stimuli emanating from Moscow with the regularity of Pavlov’s famous dog; notably we become paralyzed almost at the mention of atomic war. “To be even more accurate, so defensive has the Western mentality become that intellectual leaders in almost all the Western Countries tend to write off Communistic expansionism, both its successes and its threats” (pp. 18–19).

Can we counterattack? Is a real counteroffensive possible? The author, who is director of the Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission, believes that Christianity is itself the ultimate weapon that must be put to work militantly in much the way that the Church in the first three centuries of the Christian era spiritually opposed Caesarism and Roman materialism and in the end triumphed over the empire. He puts specific weight on missions. “There is a cause—the cause of world missions on a massive and gigantic basis. This cause is looking for some man or group of men who will be willing to pay the price so that Christian forces of our world may be united in a way by which we may march out to meet the needs of our world and to accept the challenge thrown by atheistic Communism” (p. 60).

The author proposes that the church bodies of the world form a kind of council, without organic union, where they could sit down together, co-ordinate their efforts, share information, and by this practical demonstration of unity fire both the Christian and pagan worlds. In some ways Mr. Stevens’ idea suggests that of Dr. Frank Laubach. The latter, however, puts technical aid in the forefront as a missionary endeavor, and makes evangelism indirect and secondary. Mr. Stevens appears to put “preaching evangelistically in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ” first, and to advocate adding to this a generous response to and heroic grappling with the material problems of our world. Here however he is not specific.

It seems to us that it is good to have a spirit and passion like Mr. Stevens’. Even his central proposal is one that is wholesome and stimulating. It does raise many questions, the fundamental one being the same issue which MRA (Moral Re-Armament) raises, namely, whether a moralistic, or pietistic and evangelistic, answer is adequate to the challenge of the total ideology of communism. The early Church really faced a different problem, at least for the first two centuries of its life. There was relative tolerance in the Roman empire for all religions, and both supernatural religion and rational philosophy were honored. It is surely wide of the mark to say that “the student of Roman history will find that on the floor of the Senate Christianity was recognized and called the world’s most feared idea” (p. 32).

The answer, we suggest, must lie in action at various levels. Christianity as such must get off dead center and advance. So far Mr. Stevens is right. Secondly, careful thought must be given to an ideology of freedom based on the Christian view of God and man and embracing also specific issues of politics and economics. Finally, the role of force in weapons, in the paramilitary field, in economic assistance, and in psychological warfare must be recognized frankly and, as it were, baptized theologically.

This is not a milder but a more demanding challenge to all churches than that which Mr. Stevens excitingly issues. Its complexity suggests difficulty, but it has the great advantage of realism and relevance. The real trouble is apathy and the tacit moral disengagement of a large section of Christendom from the specific struggle of our period and the actual foe which menaces the future of freedom and of all Christianity.

CHARLES WESLEY LOWRY

A Hope Fulfilled

Pastoral Care and Psychotherapy, by Peder Olsen, translated from the Norwegian by Herman E. Jorgensen (Augsburg, 1961, 141 pp., $3.50), is reviewed by Theodore J. Jansma, Chaplain-Counselor of the Christian Sanitorium, Wyckoff, New Jersey.

This is the kind of book on pastoral care that evangelicals have been waiting for. It combines the best in psychology with a sound biblical Christianity, a rarity in the field. It reflects a genuine appreciation for the contributions of Freud and Neo-Freudians, as well as the current thought of existentialists. Yet the author never sacrifices biblical truth to psychological theory. For Olsen “the essence of soul care is leading men to Christ” (p. 13), and he means the Christ of Scripture, not some modern or humanistic reconstructed Christ. The many quotations from Scripture are not used as hooks for personal opinions or psychological theories, which one often finds in books of this kind. Olsen is the pastor consistently, and he seems to know well the boundary between himself and the psychotherapist or doctor. In being true to his office and to himself, by giving genuine pastoral or soul care, he is undoubtedly an effective psychotherapist. It is refreshing to come across an author on pastoral care who takes a firm stand on finality of the Bible as the Word of God, on the efficacy of the substitutionary atonement of Christ for the forgiveness of sin, and on the work of the Holy Spirit in regeneration and sanctification, all of which he considers basic for pastoral care to the mentally disturbed.

Not being able to read the original Norwegian, one hesitates to comment on the translation. The English is generally smooth. On pages 89 and 91 the word “regression” should undoubtedly be “repression.”

THEODORE J. JANSMA

By Faith Propelled

Venture! The Frontiers of Free Methodism, by Byron S. Lamson (Light and Life Press, 1960, 281 pp., $3), is reviewed by Leslie R. Marston, Senior Bishop of the Free Methodist Church.

Here is a report of a century’s odyssey of faith, courage, and conquest. The author, missionary secretary of his denomination, charts the advance of the growing edge of the Free Methodist Church through its first 100 years, from 1860 to 1960.

The vigorous missionary spirit of the young church during its early decades found expression principally in home evangelism and church extension; thus it was not long until the church had spread into many areas of the United States and Canada. When this initial evangelistic thrust subsided and the advance across the home continent relaxed, there developed a growing concern for evangelizing non-Christian lands. This concern led Free Methodism from small beginnings to a strong stewardship and foreign missionary program by 1960.

The author’s account of the church’s outreach to the mission fields of the world takes in heroic ventures into India, Mozambique, and South Africa in the late ’80s; Japan and the Dominican Republic in the ’90s; China in the early twentieth century; and into many other fields in subsequent years. Expansion has now accelerated to the point where two out of every five Free Methodists in the world live in mission lands.

The appeal of Venture! is not limited to the denomination whose advancing frontiers it traces. Dr. Lamson relates his story to contemporary world developments and is intelligently alert to the social demands to which the Christian must be responsive. A significant chapter on missionary strategy in today’s turbulent nationalism is, “World Fellowship of Free Methodist Churches.”

The reviewer can report that, in line with plans projected in the chapter mentioned and shortly after the publication of Venture!, the parent general conference of North America recognized as general conferences the Free Methodist churches of Egypt and of Japan.

LESLIE R. MARSTON

In Courtship Of Disaster

Road to Sodom, by Jean Rees (Peter Davies, 1961, 320 pp., 18s.), is reviewed by Elizabeth Collie, graduate of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University.

Lot the meticulous accountant worshiping Abraham rather than God, Haran the masterpotter squandering his ability on making images of the moon-goddess, Terah whose business acumen clouds his obedience to God’s call, Adah ambitious enough to ruin her husband honest Lot—these characters provide an exciting study of motives for leaving the Chaldean capital. The familiar biblical narratives have taken on a new look for this historical novel, but Mrs. Rees’ research into archaeological finds at Ur are seen throughout the book as well as in the bibliography. The work concludes with the arrival of Abraham’s promised son, though it is the counterplot which provides the title. There the morals of righteous Lot are gradually debased by a scheming wife, and he is beguiled into taking up residence in Sodom. The writer tells her story well, and without moralizing manages to illustrate the dangers of the world’s lure, marrying the wrong sort of person, and undertaking a great enterprise for the wrong reason.

E. COLLIE

Critical Approach To O.T.

The Old Testament: Its Origins and Compositions, by Curt Kuhl (John Knox Press, 1961, 354 pp., $4.50), is reviewed by Fred E. Young, Professor of Biblical Philology, Central Baptist Theological Seminary.

Professor Kuhl’s work provides an excellent tool for both pastor and layman to engage in a serious investigation of the date, composition, and nature of the various books of the Old Testament. The book is arranged according to the Hebrew division of the Old Testament: Law, Prophets, and Writings. This has a decided advantage over the Genesis to Malachi approach used in many introductions to the Old Testament. In an appendix, he has included a brief treatment of the Apocrypha. With the recent interest in the Apocrypha stirred by the Qumran literature, this section might better have been a regular part of the book. For the benefit of the more inquiring student, quite copious footnotes suggest many up-to-date books and articles, both in English and in German. The bibliography is arranged according to chapters and has two parts: (A) relevant books and commentaries on the material covered in the corresponding chapter; (B) good periodical literature on the same.

In the introduction Professor Kuhl introduces the reader to the text, canon, and literary nature of the Old Testament. The chapter on the Pentateuch is a rather detailed study of the documentary approach to the text of the Old Testament. In simple and nontechnical language, the PJED thesis is posited. He begins with P, although he dates it later than D. The chapter on the Twelve Minor Prophets is quite brief in comparison with the section on the Writings. He sees the problem of a number of the books to lie in their composite nature. Jonah is interpreted as a prophetic legend intended to show God’s compassion to all men, “even the heathen, if they will only repent” (p. 211). A deutero-Zechariah is responsible for Zechariah 9–14.

One might wish for more Dead Sea Scroll references in various studies as, for example, Isaiah and Habakkuk; however, everything cannot be included in a book as designed by Professor Kuhl. It is a good presentation by a critical mind on the books of the Old Testament and should receive wide reading by students interested in a critical approach to Old Testament scholarship.

FRED E. YOUNG

A Kind Of Prophecy

Prophet, Speak Now!, by Robert B. McNeil (John Knox Press, 1961, 92 pp., $2.50), is reviewed by William D. Livingstone, Pastor, First Presbyterian Church, San Diego, California.

I suppose it is only fair that a person should, as a reviewer, identify himself and thereby make clear what might be his own prejudices or biases in reviewing a book of this sort. I am a conservative in my theology, and definitely a liberal in my political and economic viewpoint.

Among the number of things that might be said about this book and about its author, I would mention first that it is the type of book which we saw quite frequently in the 1930s and ’40s—doing battle against the status quoism of a part of church society in an attempt to recover the prophetic function of preaching and of the church’s message and mission. In fairness to Mr. McNeil the book may have some relevance in the South where conditions are rather different from the rest of the country. But I cannot say this for a certainty because I have never lived there.

In the introduction McNeil tells us that the issue involved in the book and in the life of the church is that God is good and men ought to make his goodness epidemic among themselves. This, in his mind, is the main issue of the Christian faith. Now, I could not agree with this myself, and I feel there are many others who also believe that this, though ethically of great importance, does not get to the basic meaning of Christianity.

There are a number of statements through the book which indicate a liberal slant on the author’s part in regard to the interpretation of Scripture and the application of the Christian faith to life. For example, he says that “the Mosaic laws were not offered as a means of granting salvation if they were kept, but of welding the loose confederation of tribes into a nation which would eventually become priest to all nations.” This interpretation seems to me to be far from the total meaning of God’s covenant relationship with his people. Again, he says, “Christianity would have remained an obscure esoteric sect and would never have made its way to us if it had not undergone occasional purifications from the prophets.” I am not certain what Mr. McNeil means. Is he implying that originally Christianity was an obscure esoteric sect, that the full truth of the Christian faith was not given to us by Christ himself in the beginning? This is a naturalistic interpretation of Christianity.

The spirit of the book is one of iconoclasm, the spirit that prevailed in the ’30s and ’40s. It is a protest against the Church, which is supposedly a buttress for the status quo type of society and is found wanting in social and economic vision. This may, as I have said, be true in regard to some situations in the South; it certainly is not true of the North. Rather than a priest class representing conservative religious views, we find in the church the very opposite to be the case. Great interdenominational agencies and large denominations are being controlled by those who supposedly would be in the same camp as the “prophetic voice” people—these are the liberals and modernists, the ones who supposedly have the social vision, are pro-union, and yet at the same time control a great deal of the wealth being given to the churches. On the other hand, it is the conservatives, those who hold to the historic faith, that constitute a minority in power and influence in the life of American Protestantism.

Again, the author manifests his low view of Scripture: “Perhaps we are further drawn to the literary prophets because though farsighted they were not inerrant. Tyre did not fall to Babylon as Ezekiel predicted, nor was Jeremiah right in his prophecy that Nebuchadnezzar would conquer Egypt, all of which proves what we have long suspected: that soothsaying was not a prophetic specialty and that prophecy is a spirit of power and not of prediction.” What he means by a “spirit of power” I do not know. But according to the historic Christian view, the prophets proclaimed the will of God, and their prophecies are true and accurate. We must try to understand what the prophet intended—whether a literal fall of Tyre to Babylon, for example, or whether Ezekiel was here speaking symbolically and futuristically as he often did.

Mr. McNeil is apparently attempting to stir up ministers to speak out against social abuse, which prophetic function is a valid one for a minister if it is used with good sense.

WILLIAM D. LIVINGSTONE

Enigma Within A Puzzle

Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, by Mircea Eliade (Harper, 1960, 256 pp., $5), is reviewed by Francis R. Steele, Home Secretary, North Africa Mission.

The enigma of human existence remains an insoluble puzzle to those who approach the problem from the wrong epistemological foundation. There is too much evidence that man is essentially a “religious animal” for a purely mechanistic scheme of evolutionary development to suffice as an explanation for his behavior. But the fallacious assumption that Christianity may be handled on the level of all other religions in a comparative study of religious behavior and development dooms efforts that are based upon it to failure.

And here is another example. The author’s knowledge is encvclopedic. The book is crammed with fascinating descriptions of the varied religious beliefs and practices of mankind past and present, explained more or less in accordance with the popular “depth-psychology” theories. But one has the feeling of being led through a jungle populated with weird beings which bear a tantalizing likeness to some almost forgotten species. Then, in a flash, comes the recollection that these specters are examples of mankind originally created in the image of God, yet presently estranged by sin and doomed to wander in their shadowy existence of illusion unless liberated by Him who alone is Truth and Life. Too bad the key is lost to the author so that the puzzle must remain unsolved—to him.

FRANCIS R. STEELE

Luke And The Parousia

The Theology of St. Luke, by Hans Conzelmann (Harper, 1960, 255 pp., $5), is reviewed by Everett F. Harrison, Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary.

More and more, it seems, American publishers are becoming alert to the opportunity of presenting influential works of foreign theologians in translation. Whether this be viewed as a contribution to ecumenism or simply as a means of making scholarly works available on a contemporary basis, it is a significant service.

The present volume, which covers both Luke and Acts, is not easy reading, and is primarily a scholar’s work. But if one can get through the first chapter he is almost certain to find his interest quickened and sustained to the end.

Like Lohmeyer and R. H. Lightfoot before him, the author finds the study of geography important in connection with the ministry of Jesus. He pictures Luke as finding the gathering of the disciples to be the principal positive feature of the Galilean ministry, whereas the Jerusalem phase is dominated by the necessity of the Passion. This whole section suffers from lack of a clarifying summary.

The chief thrust of the book, however, is the attempt to show what Luke has done with the delay of the Parousia, a theme which has been agitating European circles in recent years. According to Conzelmann, Luke has adapted the early Christian eschatological tradition and given it a new orientation. “The idea of the coming of the Kingdom is replaced by a timeless conception of it.” Acts 1:7 is a straw in the wind here. Lest the church fall into an attitude of “eschatological resignation,” the evangelist-historian stresses that the period between the ministry of our Lord and the consummation is to be marked by suffering in connection with the Christian witness, and also by sober preoccupation with the ethical obligations of the faith, highlighted by the necessity of endurance.

Conzelmann sees Luke’s interpretation of redemptive history as calling for a three-fold division: (1) the era of the Law and the Prophets, (2) the period of Jesus, and (3) the interval between Jesus and the Parousia, the age of the Church as formed and guided by the Spirit. Luke 16:16 is crucial in marking the boundary between the first two, even as the opening chapters of the Acts differentiate between the second and the third. A strong emphasis on the Spirit acts as a binding element between the last two periods.

In the realm of Christology, Jesus is seen through Luke’s eyes as the instrument of God in the work of salvation, and the position of subordination is regularly maintained. In handling the death of Christ, Luke avoids the theme of atonement but magnifies the aspect of Scripture fulfillment and the execution of the divine plan.

As to ecclesiology, the Church is viewed as the New Israel, though Luke avoids this precise terminology.

One gets the impression of a nice balance between the utilization of the work of other investigators and the writer’s own critical labors. There are places, no doubt, where the confidence of the critic should have been tempered with caution. In any event, the reader who is familiar with the problems of current biblical discussion will find in the book many admirable insights.

EVERETT F. HARRISON

Pentecostalism Surveyed

The Promise Fulfilled, by Klaude Kendrick (Gospel Publishing House, 1961, 237 pp., $3.50), is reviewed by Dallas M. Tarkenton, Editor of the Advocate.

Klaude Kendrick has attempted to give a historical survey of the largest segment of what Dr. Henry P. Van Dusen has labeled a “third mighty arm of Christian outreach” (The Christian Century, Aug. 17, 1955). The volume is the outgrowth of a doctoral dissertation presented to the University of Texas.

Undoubtedly the author has made a helpful contribution to the history of the church in providing this survey.

There is a disparity of material on the several Pentecostal groups, as is evidenced by the author in his preface. The reader discovers as he goes along that about one third of the volume is devoted to one church; 71 pages are devoted to the Assemblies of God, and about eight pages to the Church of God. This makes the survey somewhat restrictive.

His classifications of “Baptistic Pentecostal Groups” and “Pentecostal Wesleyan Perfectionist-Groups” raise questions.

Some of the data in the book needs to be brought up to date. In reference to the Pentecostal Holiness church on page 185, the author says, “Parents are allowed the option of requesting either dedication or baptism for children.” Since the 1957 discipline of this church contains no such information, the data in Kendrick’s book is obviously not entirely current. Other evidences indicate a too limited use of primary source data.

For a brief and general survey of the emergence and development of Pentecostalism in the last 75 years, the author has made a worthwhile contribution. The last chapter titled “An Appraisal” is an objective statement on the weaknesses and strengths of Pentecostals.

DALLAS M. TARKENTON

The Faith Reoriented

Conversation on Faith, by Eberhard Mueller, translated by J. W. Doberstein (Muhlenberg Press, 1961, 196 pp., $3.50), is reviewed by J. Theodore Mueller, Concordia Theological Seminary.

This book appeared several years ago in German under the title Gespräch über den Glauhen and was dedicated by its author to the theological faculty of the University of Tübingen, from which in 1955 he had received his doctorate in theology. The writer’s rejection of Scripture as the inerrant, divinely-inspired Word of God, the only source and norm of faith, and his attempt to orient the Christian faith to modern thinking result in an inadequate presentation of the Christian mysteries of faith despite retention of the traditional terminology. The gospel of Jesus Christ is a stumbling block and foolishness to unbelieving men; no reorientation of it to infidelity will render it more acceptable to the carnal mind.

J. THEODORE MUELLER

Significant religious overtones abounded in the deliberations of the 1960–61 term of the U. S. Supreme Court. It has been many years since the nation’s highest tribunal weighed so profoundly the principles of church-state separation and the Judeo-Christian tenets which undergird American jurisprudence. (See also June 19, 1961 issue of CHRISTIANITY TODAY.)

Two rulings handed down just prior to the court’s summer adjournment were especially significant: One refused to decide the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which makes it a crime to use or advise the use of birth control devices. The other struck down a Maryland statute which provides that only citizens who declare their belief in the existence of God may hold public office.

The court was sharply divided on the Connecticut issue; the vote was 5 to 4 and six separate opinions were handed down. The Maryland case produced a unanimous ruling in favor of Roy R. Torcaso, who appealed to the court after being refused a commission as notary public because he refused to take an oath beginning, “In the presence of Almighty God …”

The Maryland decision is one of a series in recent years which, some observers feel, confer dignity on irreligion while placing theistic dynamisms in national life on the defensive.

Whereas separation of church and state was designed by the Constitution to guard the country against sectarian pressures in politics, it is felt that now the principle tends to become a wedge for giving respectability to the rejection of all religion.

Concern is increasing that the next step may well be to make irrelevant whether a witness believes in objective truth and changeless morality, let alone in a Supreme Being, that is, whether he believes anything other than that his own testimony is his own testimony at the moment he speaks it.

The Supreme Court held that the Maryland law violates the Bill of Rights. Seven other states have similar statutes: Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.

Justice Hugo L. Black, who delivered the opinion of the court, cited the dictum laid down in Everson versus Board of Education (330 U. S. 1)—which upheld parochial school bus transportation—that “The establishment of religion clause means at least this: neither the state nor the federal government can set up a Church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, or all religions, or prefer one religion over another …”

Black observed significantly that nothing in the cases of Zorach versus Clausen or McCollum versus Board of Education (two cases which are figuring prominently in the current controversy over federal aid to parochial schools) in any way has modified its dictum in the Everson case.

Justice Felix Frankfurter, the court’s only Jewish member, delivered the opinion dismissing the appeal of Dr. C. Lee Buxton, dean of the Yale University Medical School, and two married couples (the wives were his patients).

The court, in effect, threw out the appeals because Connecticut does not make a serious effort to enforce its law. The jurists indicated that if the state ever attempted a criminal prosecution against individual married couples for practicing birth control, there would be a real injury to the appellants’ constitutional rights which would merit the court’s consideration.

Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., the court’s only Roman Catholic member, delivered the deciding vote, with a brief concurring opinion.

The League for Planned Parenthood of Connecticut subsequently announced it plans to open contraceptive clinics in the state.

The Washington Religious Scene

As Congressmen began to think about adjournment time, the insistence of some Roman Catholic Democrats upon federal funds for parochial schools led to speculation that all aid-to-education bills may be dead for this session.

In mid-June, a key vote in the House Rules Committee stalled the Kennedy administration’s $2,484,000,000 public school aid program. A motion to delay action was adopted by a 9 to 6 margin, with two Roman Catholic committeemen, normally pro-administration, voting for delay.

In other action involving church-related education, a Senate education subcommittee wrote into the National Defense Education Act extension bill a specific ban on award of fellowships to divinity students or persons preparing to teach in divinity schools.

The bill does provide, however, for federal loans to church schools.

A Senate juvenile delinquency subcommittee, meanwhile, heard testimony relating violence on television to rising rates of juvenile crime.

Democratic subcommittee chairman Thomas J. Dodd of Connecticut said more than half the television programs featured during the prime evening hours are devoted to crime and violence.

James V. Bennett, director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, told the Senate probers that the parade of violence on television is a direct contributing cause of juvenile delinquency and makes it more difficult to recruit good police officers.

Bennett concluded his testimony by reciting a poem which he said he heard at an international gathering of law enforcement officers:

Sing a song of TV

For the little ones,

Four and twenty jailbirds

packing tommy-guns

When the scene is finished

The blood is ankle deep.

Wasn’t that a pretty dish

To send the kids to sleep?

Another controversy focused on the Washington-headquartered organization of Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State.

Christianity and Crisis, a weekly edited at New York’s Union Theological Seminary, asked POAU to halt its “blatant anti-Catholicism.”

The publication charged that the organization “insists on judging Catholicism by its worst examples,” uses “inflammatory language” and constantly identifies “its own sectarian position as the ‘American’ position.”

POAU Executive Director Glenn L. Archer stated that “our energies are so absorbed in the current Congressional battle for church-state separation that we have none left for detailed reply to critics.”

Brunner and the WCC

Noted theologian Emil Brunner says the World Council of Churches has fallen for Communist peace propaganda.

His charge, contained in a newspaper article written for the influential Neue Züricher Zeitung, provoked wide controversy last month.

Brunner said the success of Communist strategists in weakening what remained of Christian and humanist forces was “alarming” in Protestant quarters.

“The Communist strategists undertake to split and make of no effect what Christian and humanitarian strengths are still in existence in Europe,” he declared. “Most alarming is the success they have gained in world Protestantism.”

The article appeared on the eve of the first Christian Peace Conference in Prague, sponsored by the Czechoslovak Communist regime. Dr. Glen Garfield Williams was “unofficial observer” for the WCC at the Prague conference. He is secretary of WCC for inter-church aid in Europe and his duties include keeping up with developments in Eastern European churches. He is a Baptist from Wales.

The WCC’s initial reaction to Brunner’s charges was in the form of a quotation in its Ecumenical Press Service Bulletin from a skeptical comment on the theologian’s article.

The comment appeared in Le Courrier, Roman Catholic newspaper in Geneva, under the signature of its editor, Rene Leyvraz.

Leyvraz said the exploitation by false Soviet pacifism of the menace of a nuclear conflagration “in no way dispenses Christians from being conscious of the extreme gravity of this menace for the human race and even for all created nature.” He added that the West must work to prevent such a conflagration without in any way opening its doors to Soviet invasion.

Brunner had asserted, “The World Council of Churches accepted as their password, ‘Anti-communism is the line of attack of the Roman Catholic church and must inevitably lead to war!’ ”

The theologian cited “the fact that that segment of Europe which is still part of the Free World owes its very existence, above all else, to this very nuclear armament of the West which had never been put into action.”

He said some had fallen for “the Communist trick of equating nuclear armament with willingness to wage an atomic war and making the West responsible for it.”

Protestant Panorama

• The 20 million vacationers due to visit America’s national parks this summer have an opportunity to participate in services of worship conducted by the National Council of Churches’ parks ministry. This year 156 seminary students working in the parks will conduct services and serve as chaplain-counsellors. Now in its tenth year of operation, the parks ministry is a joint program of the National Park Service and the NCC. The evangelical wing of U. S. Protestantism has no comparable program.

• Baptist, Methodist, and Congregational churches in New England are falling behind in their support of vacation Bible schools, according to the Rev. William B. Udall, director of youth evangelism for the Evangelistic Association of New England.

• American University and Wesley Theological Seminary plan to establish a Center for Church Business Management. A specialty-prepared curriculum for the center will lead to a master of business administration degree and a “certified church business manager” degree. It is believed to be the first such program ever offered by a U. S. college.

• Campus Crusade for Christ International plans to bring out a new evangelistic magazine aimed at reaching non-Christian college students. Professor Wilbur M. Smith of Fuller Theological Seminary will be editor of the publication, the first issue of which is due September 15.

• The village council of New Brighton, Minnesota, reversed itself last month and granted a special use permit to the proposed United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities sponsored by the United Church of Christ. Approval is subject to the council’s endorsement of the development plans.

• A shipment of goats and rabbits to Haiti last month was sponsored by the Massachusetts Congregational Christian Conference’s Committee for Social Action. In addition to 136 animals, sent as part of a project to upgrade the quality of native animals on the drought-plagued island, the shipment included veterinary pharmaceuticals, school supplies, canned goods, and candles (Haiti has very little electricity). All were donated by churches, civic and welfare groups, and business firms.

• Reconstruction of the main sanctuary of the First Methodist Church of Anderson, Indiana, is virtually assured with completion of a successful funds campaign. The sanctuary was destroyed by fire last December but an education building was spared. The church, largest Methodist congregation in Indiana, now has pledges and gifts of some $700,000, plus an insurance award of $300,000, for a new building.

• Midwest Bible College and Kansas City Bible College are merging faculties and facilities to form Calvary Bible College. The Rev. Roger J. Andrus, president of Midwest, will assume the presidency of the new nondenominational school.

• Editor Carl F. H. Henry of CHRISTIANITY TODAY was presented with the Wheaton College Alumni Association’s annual service award last month “in recognition of outstanding and distinguished service to mankind as theologian, scholar, and leader in the field of Christian journalism.”

• Iliff School of Theology in Denver plans to offer a new program of study leading to a master of sacred theology degree, beginning this fall.

• The Norwegian Missionary Council will refuse integration with the World Council of Churches as part of the projected absorption of the International Missionary Council. The WCC hopes to welcome the IMC into its administrative framework at this fall’s assembly in New Delhi, but some IMC constituents, such as the Norwegian council, have balked.

• Sunday school leaders in Scandinavian countries are launching a co-operative procurement program for illustrative materials. They hope that the collective approach will result in better quality and lower cost.

Peace Corps Proselyting

The United Presbyterian Commission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations told the Kennedy administration last month that it opposes all financial and contractual arrangements between churches and the Peace Corps.

The commission, the United Presbyterian denomination’s interchurch and missionary arm, dispatched a statement to the President and to Peace Corps officials urging that the Peace Corps sign no contracts with religious groups “which would proselytize to their persuasion through their projects.”

The statement affirmed the church’s support of the Peace Corps as a government agency for overseas assistance and good will. It commended the Peace Corps for accepting persons without regard to creed. But church and Peace Corps work should be separate, the statement emphasized.

“The Christian mission aims “to proclaim the Gospel,” it said, whereas the Peace Corps aims to give personal assistance. “These goals may parallel each other but are not identical.”

The national executive committee of the American Jewish Congress almost simultaneously expressed its own vigorous opposition to participation of religious groups and missionary societies in Peace Corps projects overseas. The congress said use of government funds by religious and missionary groups would violate church-state separation.

The New York Times recently quoted a Peace Corps official as saying that about half of all Peace Corps projects assigned to voluntary agencies will be carried out by religious groups.

Any “deliberate or coincidental” effort by church groups to spread their religious beliefs or “enhance their good name” through Peace Corps programs overseas would violate, the congress said, the “mandate against use of governmental funds or personnel to promote religious teachings or practices.”

John 3:16

Meditating in his study last month, a prominent Washington, D. C., minister realized a “disconcerting fact”: “that in the many hundreds of sermons which I have preached over the years never once have I chosen John 3:16 as a text.”

Dr. Lee Shane of National Baptist Memorial Church, setting out to fill his homiletical gap, discovered that many others also seem to overlook the verse:

“I went through the 11 volumes of the American Pulpit Series and discovered that none of these contemporaries of mine, some 70 giants of today’s pulpit, had chosen John 3:16 to expound for this series. Then I jumped back to yesterday and scanned two volumes of sermons by the great Thomas Chalmers, looking in vain for a sermon on John 3:16. I leafed through a volume by Henry Ward Beecher, but no [such] sermon there. I looked in some volumes of Best Sermons of the Year.… Nowhere did I find a sermon … on this familiar text.”

Shane wondered why. He suggested that the very sublimity and simplicity of the verse may be responsible.

At any rate, Shane decided he had avoided “this potent text” long enough. On June 18 he delivered a sermon on what is perhaps the most quoted verse in all the Bible:

“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.”

Methodist Standards

Four out of ten American Methodists attend church less than half the Sundays in the year, according to a study by the Boston University School of Theology.

The study, outlined in an article by Hartzell Spence in the July issue of Together, also indicates that Methodists have relaxed their traditional code of abstinence from alcoholic beverages.

Nearly one third of U. S. Methodist church members see no harm in moderate social drinking, the survey suggests.

The seminary’s study was made at the request of the Methodist Board of Social and Economic Relations and includes reports from 5,020 members in 267 typical charges. The study is set forth in detail in a four-volume series being published by Abingdon Press, Methodist-related book publisher in Nashville.

Other findings: Only about half of U. S. Methodists believe in equal opportunity for all races, only seven out of ten favor abolition of segregation, and one out of five expects little or no pastoral or church guidance on social concerns.

Spence, a Methodist layman, said in his Together article that “the real shock of this study is abundant evidence that a good many Methodists have relegated God to the perimeter of their lives instead of giving him the center.”

Dr. Albert P. Shirkey, minister of Mount Vernon Place Methodist Church in Washington, D. C., declared that he was “deeply concerned over the laxity that has settled upon our churches.”

“It is high time that we sound forth with renewed emphasis,” he said, “the great romantic certainties of faith and call our people to repentance and to a closer walk with God.”

World’S Fair Witness

Amidst a spectacular $80,000,000 display of human achievement which will woo millions to the Seattle world’s fair next year, Protestants are planning a modest but strategically-located “Christian Witness Pavilion” (see left). Some are hopeful that its theme, “Jesus Christ—the Same, Yesterday, Today, and Forever,” will be effectively implemented so as to remind science-saturated fairgoers of the changeless Gospel.

The pavilion project is in the hands of a specially-organized group known as Christian Witness in Century 21, Inc. Tentative budget: $175,000. Nineteen denominations will be represented, plus 14 other evangelical and ecumenical groups.

The fair will open April 21, 1962, the day before Easter (a sunrise service is planned), continuing through October 21.

Selling the Home Base

The Peoples Church, a Toronto landmark, was sold last month for $650,000, enough to pay for construction of a proposed new facility seating some 2,000.

“During the last 30 years,” said a statement issued by the church, “The Peoples Church has spent more than four million dollars on foreign missions and practically nothing on the maintenance of the home base. Visitors have always been amazed at the lack of paint, old-fashioned equipment, and inadequate facilities that are apparent in every part of the century-old building. While the people have sent this vast sum overseas, God has increased the value of the property to such an extent that a completely new and modern plant in an ideal location will be paid for with no lessening of the missionary effort.”

The old sanctuary, formerly the St. James Methodist Church, will be razed and the site redeveloped. The new church will be located on a key intersection in a residential area north of the Toronto business district. The congregation will be able to hold services in the present building until the new structure has been completed. September, 1962, is the target date for the move.

Dr. Oswald J. Smith, founder of The Peoples Church, was succeeded as pastor by his son, Dr. Paul B. Smith, in 1959.

The Manchester Story

Billy Graham completed one of the most strenuous campaigns of his 15-year evangelistic ministry last month before a crowd of some 50,000 at Manchester’s favorite sporting rendezvous. The turnout for the closing meeting Saturday, June 17, was the largest of the three-week North of England Crusade.

Preaching into the damp, chill night air of Manchester, Graham struggled to overcome the effects of a debilitating throat infection and fever that had forced him to relinquish the pulpit to associate evangelist Leighton Ford in the first five services.

“God’s strength,” Graham lectured his sympathetic hearers, “is made perfect in weakness,” and he proceeded to predict to the huge audience and to tens of thousands listening by relay hook-up in churches all over the British Isles that the United Kingdom was “either on the brink of a catastrophic moral declension or on the verge of a spiritual revival.”

Aggregate attendance for the Manchester series topped 400,000, according to crusade officials. Some 18,000 inquirers were counselled in all, as many as 2,300 in a single evening. Crusade spokesmen said that nearly 80 per cent of those responding to the evangelist’s invitation were committing their lives to Christ for the first time. This was the highest percentage ever registered during a Graham campaign, and it reflects the alienation of Britain’s industrial people from the life of the Church.

Despite official aloofness by the Manchester Council of Churches, all but two or three of the council’s principal churches joined in active support of the crusade. Anglican Bishop W. D. L. Greer, president of the council, officially opened the crusade. The council had voted to withhold its collective support because the Graham team declined a council proposal that the evangelist share the pulpit with three prominent preachers known for their socio-political views.

In an effort to reach great numbers of unchurched in the North of England, the crusade executive committee arranged 40 special meetings in the large engineering and textile plants of the Manchester area. Associate evangelists Leighton Ford, Grady Wilson, Joe Blinco, and Roy Gustafson found themselves proclaiming Christ in unusual places, where sometimes they were ignored, sometimes faced by a diminishing audience; they came away nonetheless thrilled by the obvious results among hundreds of Britain’s skilled artisans. Workers crowded into canteens, hung over fences, interrupted card games at lunch, leaned against lathes, and sat in cranes to hear the Gospel message.

Following rallies in Glasgow and Belfast, Graham was scheduled to return to the United States in time to receive a special Christian Endeavor award in Chicago on July 7, and to hold eight days of meetings at the climax of a crusade, July 9–16, at Minneapolis-St. Paul state fair grounds.

S. E. W.

Palace Guests

Evangelist and Mrs. Billy Graham were invited guests of Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace June 22. It was the fourth time the Grahams have been so honored. The Queen’s interest in Graham’s ministry is well known.

The invitation from the Queen was received by the Grahams some weeks ago but the fact was not revealed until official announcement came from the palace June 20. “The Queen has invited them before,” said a palace spokesman.

The Mystery Man

New light was thrown on the nature of Korea’s ruling military junta as leaders of the regime gave an unprecedentedly cordial welcome to Dr. Bob Pierce of World Vision upon his arrival in the republic fresh from the successes of the Tokyo crusade.

General Do Yung Chang, head of the Korean government and chairman of the junta’s Supreme Council, received him at an official luncheon to which cabinet members were invited and at which Pierce was asked to give a Christian witness.

The general also dropped in unannounced at a Sunday evening service at Yung Nak Presbyterian Church where Pierce reported to an interdenominational gathering the results of the Tokyo crusade.

A ten-minute interview granted by the shy mystery man of the junta, ascetic, incorruptible, one-time Communist General Chung Hi Pak, stretched into 45 minutes as the man who reportedly master-minded the coup d’état listened to the evangelist.

“Are you a Christian?” asked Pierce.

“No,” said the general. “My father and mother were Buddhists but I am nothing.”

“Then what is your spiritual program for Korea?” said Pierce, whose organization is celebrating its tenth anniversary of service for widows and orphans in the republic. “Your political, social and economic program has dynamic. I can sense it in the streets. But Korea’s young people need more. You can still fail unless you find the spiritual dynamic which alone will win hearts and save your country.”

As he continued his witness the general listened intently. Finally the evangelist asked, “May I pray?” The general hesitated, then consented and both bowed their heads as Pierce prayed, “O Lord, keep this government from letting a good start rot away into a lust for power.…” And the general saw him to the door with tears in his eyes.

Public opinion in the Korean church continues to support the military government’s strong measures to restore honesty and integrity to Korean politics. Some 500 civil servants have been fired since the May 16 coup d’état for having concubines. More than 9,000 government employees have been dismissed as draft dodgers. Dance halls have been closed and the police have been ordered to crack down on Seoul’s rampant prostitution.

S. H. M.

NCC AND THE FREEDOM RIDERS

For two June days in Chicago the “Freedom Riders” passed through the meeting of the National Council of Churches’ policy-making General Board, then vanished much as some apocalyptic ghost riders of the sky. But they nearly stayed—the vote was close. And they left a heavy, if unghostly, imprint upon the resolution “An Appeal to Christian Conscience,” which produced in the course of its adoption the only prolonged debate of an otherwise quiet assemblage of some three-fifths of the 250 board members in the Pick-Congress Hotel.

The resolution condemned every form of mob violence and designated segregation as “itself both a form of violence and an invitation to mob violence.” The board had been asked to affirm “its belief in the justice and sincerity of the purpose of the freedom ride movement.” But Presbyterians and Methodists from the South gave strenuous opposition to the idea of approving the particular technique and methods of the Freedom Riders. The Northern brethren were reminded of the increasing difficulty in getting Southerners to represent their churches at NCC meetings. On a close vote (55 to 44) the words “non-violent movement” were substituted for “freedom ride movement.” But affirmed were “the constitutional rights of all people to freedom of movement in interstate travel on a non-segregated basis.”

Another successful resolution, which required virtually no debate, declared that “the proposal to extend federal loans” to nonpublic, church-controlled elementary and secondary schools for construction “of all or any part of their buildings, such as classrooms, is tantamount to aiding the church with public funds collected by taxation.” The requiring of citizens to assist schools established by those of another faith was named a “violation of the religious liberty of all Americans.”

However, it was made clear that the NCC position involves neither opposition to, nor support for, “proposals to make parochial school tuition deductible as a religious contribution from federal or state income tax.”

Present U.S. immigration laws came under fire, though one member exasperatedly declared, “I’m perfectly willing to leave some things to Congress without churchmen horning in on every decision.” A previous NCC-sponsored consultation had condemned the present basis of the quota system as racially discriminatory. The General Board thus urged its member communions and responsible agencies to study the issues involved.

The accompanying discussion featured the first of a pair of clashes of opinion between two prominent United Presbyterians, Stated Clerk Eugene Carson Blake and Union Seminary’s President Henry Van Dusen. Both times the procedural point in debate was whether the General Board should vote on the basis of committee reports of the content of relevant documents or wait until they had the material in their hands for personal study. Blake supported the former view while Van Dusen saw this as a challenge to the “integrity and autonomy of this board.” “We should not be asked to pass on what we have not seen,” he said with some heat. He gained majority support for his position.

Reports were heard on two of the more troubled areas of the world—Indonesia and Angola. Concerning Indonesia: its Protestant church is one of the largest in Asia, numbering some five million (“Last Sunday morning it is probable that more people went to Protestant churches in Indonesia than in Great Britain”); relations with the Dutch have recently gone from bad to worse, the Dutch being made the scapegoat for every evil; in many areas, missionary activity has been prohibited since independence, and recent developments “indicate that in another year no Dutch missionaries can continue work in Indonesia,” which will leave many mission hospitals without doctors and schools without teachers; serious division exists within church leadership whether to favor the political trend toward “guided democracy”; “the trend toward a totalitarian state under the name of ‘guided democracy’ is unmistakable”; “communism is strong and growing stronger, while political movements democratic in principle are being forced out of existence”; Indonesian Christian leaders have called on the churches of America for help “as coworkers in building up the Indonesian church.”

Concerning Angola: the change in U.S. attitude toward Portuguese territories in Africa, announced by Adlai Stevenson in the U.N. last March, resulted in retaliation against some churches; “a constant fear of the Portuguese has been that Protestant missions will draw the Africans away from Portuguese ways”; precisely because Protestant Africans “had advanced on the road to ‘civilized’ status they are now suspect,” many having been arrested and some killed.

The General Board also:

• Watched NCC President J. Irwin Miller receive on behalf of NCC the Outstanding Citizenship Award from The American Heritage Foundation for “its educational program encouraging informed voting and responsible participation.”

• Later heard President Miller liken the church’s role in speaking to the citizenry to a parent speaking to a child, giving reproof where needed. “We can’t say the Church should keep its nose out of politics,” for the Church is concerned with “the whole man.”

• Authorizing Miller to issue a call for convening of the Fourth National Study Conference on the Church and Economic Life to convene in Pittsburgh, November 8–11, 1962. One major area of discussion: “changes required in the American economy for the U.S. to discharge its responsibilities in and toward the world economy.”

• Commended the film Question 7 (dealing with Christianity-communism conflict in East Germany) to member churches “in the hope that congregations will ask local theatres to show it and will encourage their members to see it.”

• In a major address, NCC general secretary Roy G. Ross submitted a well-received plan for stimulating ecumenical development on the local level. Said Henry Van Dusen, “The great battle for ecumenicity is not on the world or national level but is going to be fought in local communities.” He sees Christ as the Head of the Church, and councils of churches as “the heart out of which flows the vitality to the members.” Dr. Ross deplored the fact that five states and 35 cities with more than 100,000 population have no councils with employed leadership. Of 5,270 cities, towns, and counties with over 5,000 population, 4,507 have no council at all, though they have an average of ten or more churches. He said, “Declarations by national or world church bodies regarding their ecumenical commitments create an impression of insincerity when their local congregations seem to proceed as branches of sectarian bodies without any vital form of communication and cooperation with one another.”

Recalling that the Apostle Paul was shocked by the dissension and divisions within the Christian community in Corinth, Dr. Ross asked, “How much more would he have been distraught if the segments of the church in Corinth had gone to the further length of attaining separate church buildings which they designated ‘Church of Corinth (Paul),’ ‘Church of Corinth (Cephas),’ and ‘Church of Corinth (Apollos)’?”

Dr. Ross did not go on to ask the Apostle’s reaction to the even more profound division over the doctrinal nature of the Gospel itself, which exists among NCC members. To the Galatians Paul’s reaction must have seemed striking for its rigidity: “Though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.” Many evangelicals are unable to divorce such portions of the biblical witness from the vexing problems of church unity, and some are hopeful that the NCC will face up to the theological issues as well as the ecclesiastical.

F. F.

Convention Circuit

The following report was prepared forCHRISTIANITY TODAYby Dr. Harold Lindsell who is joining the magazine’s editorial staff for the summer months (see opposite page).

The American Baptist Convention met in annual session June 14–18 in the new multimillion dollar coliseum at Portland, Oregon. More than 4400 delegates and visitors, coming from many of the convention’s 6000 churches in 40 states, represented the 1,600,000-member ABC constituency.

Key issue of what proved to be a rather routine and yet thoroughly-organized operation was the “Hargroves Plan” for the reorganization of the ABC. The plan was accepted by the delegates without great fanfare. In simplest terms, reorganization provides for a General Council with 46 voting members and 50 nonvoting members. Of the 46 voting members 36 are elective and must come from each of the convention areas. Six officers of the convention, including the immediate past president, along with four members representing program boards compose the remainder of the voting members. The council now will have the power to control, dispose of, and distribute real and personal property; borrow money with the right to commit the convention and pledge its assets for such purpose; approve campaigns for capital projects; and it shall present “the names of persons to be elected by the convention to fill such vacancies as may exist in the office of the General Secretary, and in the membership of the Convention, and the Board of Managers of the Ministers and Missionaries Benefit Board of the … Convention.”

The General Council is granted all powers except for those which the convention specifically reserved for itself. Some delegates observed privately that the reorganization represented a drift away from traditional Baptist ecclesiology toward a centralized and hierarchical form of church government. The plan was designed to simplify problems of the convention and reduce overhead. Contributions to the last “unified budget” fell short by $400,000.

The convention’s financial dilemma was highlighted in the report of the foreign mission societies which revealed that many of their costs during the period 1953–1958 increased 50 per cent or more while receipts for the “unified budget” rose only about 33 per cent. The increased amount allotted to the foreign missionary agencies rose about 20 per cent, although actual expenditures of the missionary agencies increased about 32 per cent. Seven new foreign missionaries were commissioned, but the boards admitted that calls have come for many more personnel than the boards can find to appoint, and they acknowledged that their societies “are hard pressed to maintain current work.… It is unrealistic to expect any sudden significant changes in the support picture. Thus a greatly increased missionary staff is not feasible or probable.”

Delegates adopted an overall budget approximately equal to the last two.

Dr. Josef Nordenhaug represented the Baptist World Alliance and delivered one of the finest messages of the convention, relating the work of the Holy Spirit to the work of the alliance and stressing solidarity in action which comes from fellowship.

The Conservative Baptist governor of Oregon, Mark Hatfield, clearly enunciated the principle that a world of people in need must have the Gospel of Jesus Christ, who is the incarnate God. He cited Gibbon’s explanation for the fall of Rome and intimated that similar trends in American life can be halted only by the preaching of the Gospel.

Fonner Minnesota Governor Harold E. Stassen, a member of the General Council, personally advocated admission of Red China and East Germany to the U. N. Georgia Harkness, Methodist theologian, deplored “hysterical anti-communism” as a “more immediate danger than Communism.”

In resolutions, the sale and use of alcoholic beverages were condemned. Gambling, legalized or not, was also criticized. “Freedom riders” were commended and integration approved. The Democratic administration was commended for its “Peace Corps” idea with the recommendation that Congress pass enabling legislation. Support of the National Council of Churches was reaffirmed and other resolutions recommending dissemination of birth control information and help for migrant workers were passed. Federal aid to parochial schools was described as a violation of separation of church and state.

A sticky situation developed over a resolution designed to approve of government medical aid for the aged. The resolution was defeated by a vote of 575 to 401. A substitute motion was passed which included the phrase to “refrain from asking the federal government for any additional aid.” Upon later reconsideration, a new resolution embodying approximately what the original resolution contained was passed by a large majority. The vote came after a white-robed nurse pleaded for aid. Dr. Edwin T. Dahlberg, former president of the NCC and ABC, tellingly related the story of a parish member who watched his mother die in a hospital at $26.00 a day. One cynical pastor remarked that the man could now watch his mother die for $26.00 a day which someone else would pay.

Dr. Warner Cole of Detroit was elected ABC president. The Rev. Ward D. Hurlbutt of Colorado was elected president of the Ministers Council, and the Rev. Albert Gerenz of Illinois, president of the Council of State Secretaries.

The convention was well organized. Press and publicity arrangements operated with facility, and the program pro-ceded without any appreciable interruptions. Yet the meetings were somewhat humdrum and certainly were not marked by any bold new moves forward. Perhaps the reorganization plan which was adopted and the report of progress on the 8-million-dollar Valley Forge national offices were the highlights of the business sessions.

At Windsor, Ontario—Because too many churches are playing the numbers game and emphasizing their congregation sizes and income, the Christian faith is losing out to cars, cottages, fishing, and golf, the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec was told at its annual meeting. The charge was made by Norman E. Peverill, the convention’s lay president, who added:

“Our generation appears to have been convinced that two full days of recreation a week are essential and that it is archaic to suggest the observance of Sunday has anything to do with calling ourselves Christians.”

Peverill blamed the churches for making membership more a badge of social respectability than a sign of religious belief. Some churches were exaggerating the importance of non-biblical activities, he said, while others were not wielding sufficient influence on society.

A Citadel Totters

Dr. Addison H. Leitch, noted Protestant theologian and administrator, is resigning his professorship in systematic theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, effective August 30.

In a statement to the seminary’s board of trustees Leitch said: “The present structure and future plans of the seminary are not such as can enlist from me the enthusiasm and loyalty which the seminary has the right to expect.” He indicated a desire to avoid reconsideration by stating that claims and counterclaims would be “neither informative nor edifying.”

Pittsburgh newspapers quoted Leitch as believing that the seminary is on the road to liberalism. This was denied by Dr. Clifford E. Barbour, president, who maintained that the institution is biblically-centered.

In a later statement, Leitch said: “I hold to confessionalism and to propositional theology, and I feel that the trend of the seminary is away from these positions.”

Before the merger of Western (Presbyterian, U.S.A.) and Pittsburgh-Xenia (United Presbyterian) into Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Leitch was president of Pittsburgh-Xenia, which was considered one of the sound evangelical seminaries in a long-established denomination. He resigned his presidency at the time of the merger and spoke on the floor of the 1959 General Assembly at Indianapolis against it. The merger went through, however, and Leitch agreed to stay on as a professor.

The Pittsburgh newspapers also carried stories about unrest in the seminary’s student body. It is widely known that the Beaver-Butler (Pennsylvania) Presbytery sent a committee to the seminary to investigate rumors. Barbour has consistently maintained, however, that the faculty and students have been emerging in healthy fashion from a period of growing pains. Pittsburgh is one of the largest Presbyterian theological schools and is currently engaged in a multi-million dollar expansion program.

Lawrence B. Saint

Lawrence B. Saint, 76, one of America’s outstanding designers of stained-glass church windows and the father of three noted missionaries, died June 15 at his home at Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, after a brief illness.

Saint was perhaps best known for the windows he created for the Episcopal cathedral in Washington, D. C. He used people as models, including his own children, and often searched widely for the right face. His son, Nate, one of five missionaries who died at the hands of the Aucas in Ecuador in 1956, modeled for his father when he was three years old.

Seventy of Saint’s original drawings of ancient windows are in the collection of the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, and copies of these are in Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Saint is survived by his wife, a daughter, Rachel, now a missionary to the Aucas, and six sons. One son, Phil, is a missionary in Argentina.

Saint was head of the Washington Cathedral’s department of stained glass from 1927 to 1933, a period during which he developed his colors by experimenting to reproduce tones found in cathedral windows of the Middle Ages.

Two weeks after the 9,000 pieces of the cathedral’s north window were shipped to Washington, his Huntingdon Valley studio with all his tools and equipment was destroyed by fire.

Fuller Framework

Fuller Theological Seminary will see realignment of administrative responsibilities in coming months.

Dr. Daniel Payton Fuller, assistant professor of English Bible since 1953, will become dean of the faculty next February upon his return from Basel, Switzerland, where he is studying for a Ph.D. degree. He is the son of radio evangelist Charles E. Fuller, seminary founder.

Dr. Harold John Ockenga, formerly acting president, will become president, but will retain residence in Boston, where he is pastor of Park Street Church.

Ockenga has resigned as chairman of the Fuller board of trustees. His successor at that post is Charles Davis Weyerhaeuser, a lumber firm executive.

Dr. Harold Lindsell, professor of missions and formerly dean of the faculty, has been appointed to the new office of vice president. Lindsell is spending the summer months in Washington, D. C., as Editorial Associate on the staff of CHRISTIANITY TODAY.

People: Words And Events

Deaths:Dr. B. Foster Stockwell, 61, Methodist bishop; in Buenos Aires … Dr. John R. C. Haas, 64, first vice president of the Evangelical and Reformed Church; in Salisbury, North Carolina. Haas suffered a fatal heart attack moments after delivering a baccalaureate sermon at Catawba College … the Very Rev. E. H. Lewis-Crosby, 96, Anglican dean of Christ Church, Dublin … Lieutenant-Colonel Eduardo Palaci, 78, retired Salvation Army chief in Argentina; in Buenos Aires.

Retirement: From the presidency of Asbury Theological Seminary, Dr. Julian C. McPheeters, effective May 28, 1962.

Resignations: From the presidency of The Iliff School of Theology, Dr. Harold F. Carr. Carr will become director of the College of Preachers of Garrett Biblical Institute … as dean of Gordon College, Dr. Hudson Armerding. Armerding will join the history department of Wheaton College.

Appointments: As general director of planning for the National Council of Churches, the Rev. Robert C. Dodds … as professor at Chicago Theological Seminary, Dr. Fred Hoskins, co-president of the United Church of Christ … as dean of students at Upland College, the Rev. Merle Brubaker … as professor of Christian education at Asbury Theological Seminary, Dr. Paul H. Wood … as editor-in-chief of American Baptist publications, the Rev. Glenn H. Asquith … as executive secretary of the Nazarene department of church schools, Dr. Kenneth S. Rice … as executive director of the Religion and Labor Council of America, Dr. Kenneth Watson.

Election: As stated clerk of the General Synod of the Reformed Church in America, the Rev. Marion de Velder.