In 451, a decisive ecumenical council took place in Chalcedon, a suburb of Constantinople. The resulting statement—which defined Christ as being one "person" with two "natures," divine and human—caused deep and permanent rifts in the worldwide Christian church. The debates over the word "nature" estranged Western Christians from Monophysite ("one nature") Christian groups in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine and split Eastern Christians into those who followed Chalcedon and those who did not.

In 516, Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem called on the monastic leader Sabas to join him in endorsing the council's decision. Sabas gathered 10,000 monks (almost half of the desert population at the time!) in the Holy City, where they and the people of Jerusalem shouted their anathema of those who promoted heresy and division. Cyril of Scythopolis recorded that the commander of the army in Jerusalem fled to Caesarea "in fear of the multitude of monks."

In the past, historians have tended to emphasize the role ...

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