William Ward (1769โ1823)
Radical, and โspiritual fatherโ
William Ward, a printer and editor, met William Carey just before Carey sailed for India. Carey invited Ward to set up a printing press there for Scripture translations, and in 1799 Ward arrived with the Marshmans and others. He later married the widow of fellow missionary John Fountain.
Ward set up the first mission press in North India. He also translated, wrote, and preached at every opportunity; some considered him Seramporeโs finest preacher. Two years after his arrival, he toured the interior with first convert Krishna Pal preaching and distributing Scriptures. โHis knowledge of the character and habits of the natives surpassed that of either of his colleagues,โ wrote one observer, โand few Europeans have ever been more successful in dealing with [the natives].โ
Ward had radical sympathies that twice landed him in court during his editorial days in England. He had belonged to a โquestionableโ political society and โembibed in democratic notions created by the French Revolution.โ He was acquitted both times.
In India, Wardโs intellectual curiosity thrived. After several yearsโ research he wrote A View of the History, Literature, and Mythology of the Hindoos, including a minute description of their manners and customs, and translations from their principal works. He later worked with Joshua Marshman in producing Indian periodicals.
For William Carey, Ward was a godsend. Ward was 30 when he came to Serampore, and he captured the admiration of an adolescent Felix Carey, who was bound for trouble. Felix was soon working at the press, and under Wardโs influence, he became a Christian. โHow often he has upheld me,โ Felix said, โwhen my feet well-nigh slipped! He was my spiritual father.โ
Wardโs health forced him to return to England in 1819. For four years he negotiated in the brewing struggle between the Serampore team and the Baptist Mission Society. He also toured England, America, and Holland to speak and raise support for the ministries in India. โThe door of faith is open to the Hindoos, and who shall shut it?โ he proclaimed. โThe chain of caste is broken, and who shall mend it?โ
Sixteen months after his return to the mission, Ward died of cholera. His own hymn describes the rewards of the Serampore work, as well as the struggles:
Yes, we are safe beneath Thy shade,
And shall be so midst Indiaโs heat:
What should a missionary dread,
For devils crouch at Jesusโ feet.
There, sweetest Saviour! let Thy cross
Win many Hindoo hearts to thee;
This shall make up for every loss,
While Thou art ours eternally.
Hannah & Joshua Marshman (1767โ1847; 1768โ1837)
โFirst woman missionary to Indiaโ and brilliant educator
Industrious Hannah Marshman became known as the โfirst woman missionary to India.โ A โmotherโ of the mission, she ran the large mission household and cared for many: mentally ill Dorothy Carey; the widow and children of William Grant (who had died less than three weeks after arriving in India); and the young and pregnant widow of John Fountain. With William Ward, she disciplined the unruly Carey boys.
Hannah felt burdened for Indian women, who, in her words, did little more than โboil their rice and bathe their children.โ Around 1800 she established and began operating a school for young women. It became a model in India. By 1926, in fact, there were 14 other such institutions in the country.
As a young man, Joshua Marshman had been placed on a lengthy probation pending his admission to a church. His offense: he had too much โhead knowledgeโ of religion. He was esteemed by Carey and Ward as the most astute scholar among them.
In Bristol, England, Joshua had been principal of a charity school. In India he and Hannah operated two boarding schools for English children and one non-fee school for Indian children. The schoolsโ income, in fact, helped make the Serampore mission financially independent.
In addition to running the schools, Joshua joined in translating and preaching. He was a sharp-tongued speaker, and often he came home bloodied from bricks thrown by Indians who were irritated by both his manner and his message. Carey once contrasted his personality and Marshmanโs by saying, โIn point of zeal, he is Luther, I am Erasmus.โ
Joshua became in Serampore what Andrew Fuller was in Londonโthe campaigner, debater, and fund raiser (so much of a fund raiser that he was impersonated at government balls).
In the local government he ran interference for mission interests, writing letters and making visits, including one to the Danish king.
In 1818 Joshua launched โFriend of India,โ the first Bengali periodical. As he said, โIf ever the Gospel stands in India, it must be by native opposed to native, demonstrating its excellence above all other systems.โ
Joshua Marshman worked for 15 years in his spare time to produce the first, though soon surpassed, Chinese translation of the Bible (and added a Chinese grammar). Some have wondered why: Serampore was more than 600 miles from China.
The Marshmans were attacked by the missionโs supporters for living lavishly on mission funds. In truth, the Marshmansโ home was better furnished because of the extensive entertaining they did in connection with the schoolsโan arrangement accepted by the Serampore team. But the Marshmans were deeply wounded by the accusations.
Joshua Marshman outlived both Ward and Carey. In his final months, he was depressed and mentally distressed. He died before news could reach him that the mission was about to be broken up; it officially ceased the day after his burial.
Vinita Hampton Wright, a regular contributor to CHRISTIAN HISTORY, is co-editor of World Shapers: A Treasury of Quotes from Great Missionaries (Harold Shaw, 1991).
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