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How should Gentile Christians relate to their faith differently in light of how profoundly our Jewish heritage shaped it?

Gentile Christians usually think about Gentile Christianity as the normative and normal type of Christian faith and practice. And accordingly we tend to think about the life and the practice of Jewish believers as something special, something that deviates from Christianity. Reading my book may serve to correct that perspective.

You say that many early Christians, despite some anti-Semitic remarks, had an essentially positive regard for things Jewish. How do we know that?

It's mainly an inference, but it is a very direct inference. For example, John Chrysostom says that members of his own Christian community socialized with Jews, visited Jews during their festivals, preferred the local rabbi to the local bishop in matters of marriage, taking of oaths and so on. So, it's quite direct evidence.

There are also some Christian editorial interpolations in Jewish works, such as the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, which are very direct in their hope for end-time restoration of Israel and the salvation of the Jewish people.

Before Constantine, Christian worship followed the synagogue pattern of word and prayer. After Constantine, the Temple pattern of priest and sacrifice became the norm. What did we lose in that transition?

We lost the priesthood of all believers. After Constantine, the ordained ministry served in a kind of intermediary function between Christ and his community. The immediacy of the priesthood of all believers was weakened before Constantine, but afterward, it gets lost.

The whole notion of the Eucharist as a sacrifice pushes in the same direction. Because if there is a sacrifice, there have to be priests bringing the sacrifice. And that is the business of the ordained ministry rather than the general priesthood of all believers.

You devote a number of pages to explaining why Christians worshiped on the First Day. You don't say much their attitude to the Seventh Day. Why?

Christians (and it seems Christians universally) celebrated the first day of the week as the day of the Resurrection. Jesus rising from the dead on the first day of the week was such a groundbreaking event, such a foundational event for belief in Jesus. And that novelty of the first day of the week being the most important day in the week arising in a Jewish context is in itself a very strong indication of the historical reality of the resurrection.

With regard to the Sabbath, we have to distinguish between Jewish believers and Gentile believers. The early Christians (both Jewish believers and Gentile believers) regarded the Sabbath as special for Israel. It was part of the national heritage of the Jewish people. Observance of Sabbath was rarely taken over by Gentile believers.

Remember also that they did not, in the beginning, transfer the Sabbath commandment to Sunday. That happened after Constantine, definitely.

So they celebrated Sunday as their day of worship while at the same time having Sunday as a normal workday. The inconvenience of that is another indication of how important the first day of the week actually was to them.

Why are you writing a history of Jewish believers in Jesus?

Basically because I was asked to do it by the Caspari Center in Jerusalem. They serve the messianic community in Israel. And they found out that no such history has ever been written on a large scale and in a connected fashion from the beginning until now. I accepted to do it because it interests me a lot.

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October 2003, Vol. 47, No. 10